Saturday, August 31, 2019
Medical Tourism Promotional Action Plan
Promotional Action Plan Medical Tourism Marvin Wilcox Saint Leo University Our marketing plan for 2013 will focus on several mediums that are aimed at providing detailed information on the company and services provided, reaching new targets and offering incentives to previous clients and maximizing exposure. Five venues were chosen to take full advantage of our budget of $100,000 . The following is a synopsis of each venue: 1. Building a website 2. YouTube videos 3. Social Media 4. Mass Mailing 5. Local Business Networking with AmbassadorAction Plan #1 * Action Item:A fully functioning professional website based in the U. S with search engine optimizing (SEO) at a cost of $25,000 to be implemented March 1, 2013. * Objective:With 87% of travelers using the internet for a bulk of their travel planning, medical tourism needs to take advantage of this opportunity to capture consumer attention. Increasing our search engine optimization (SEO) makes it more likely that someone will find you r business online. This will be our broadest advertising measure targeting that 87%. Description:Our website will be equipped with a language translator with languages relevant to the geographic chosen. The website will present a strong brand by stating who we are, why we are better and the quickest means of contact. It will also present testimonials to provide credibility and build familiarity and trust based relationships. * Target Market:250 million underinsured Americans and the 20% of 250 million Americans that have pre-existing conditions. in addition to the 750,000 Americans that already travel abroad for medical and dental services.Also the 38% of Americans that is open to health care abroad. * Metric:For the first 90 days of the website, we expect further inquiries of 35% of all site visitors, 50% registration to a free monthly newsletter and 68% of those visiting partnered tourism sites to be redirected. Action Plan #2 * Action Item:Monthly uploads to YouTube beginning Mar ch 1, 2013 in support of the official website. The service is currently free of charge. * Objective:To convey credibility through video testimonials consisting of 3-5 min in length.To present information about tourism, the forgotten half of medical tourism and to create familiarity and confidence through a personal connection. * Description:The videos will show satisfied and happy clients reporting the variance in cost between domestic and international medical procedures and how the money saved can be used towards vacationing in the same locale. Also, the videos will contain information about destinations, things to do, restaurants and attraction to enjoy the full experience of being abroad. Target Market: The 92% of consumers around the world that say they trust recommendations from family and friends above all other forms of advertising. The 85% of 30- to 50-year-olds and 51% of 65- 75-year-olds that are active social media users. * Metric:The method will be proven successful if we receive booking from 20% of the viewers. Another measure is for 65% of the viewing public follow the link to the official website and 50% of that number result in hard inquires, bookings or subscribers to the newsletter. Action Plan #3 Action Item:We will engagement potential clients on a personal level via Skype. The service will cost $168 for one year of unlimited international use. * Objective:To make potential customers feel they are receiving individualized and attentive care by a brand they can trust before they even step a foot in a hospital. Also, it is important to us to strengthen relationships and trust. This will provide a light consultation with professional to provide answers and resources for some the most frequently asked questions. Description:This medium provides presence or the availability and willingness of our professional to communicate. We will use it for high quality of voice and especially for its free PC to PC service. Other supporting features include video conferencing, SMS, voicemail, long distance conferencing and inexpensive calls during travel. * Target Market: There are 500 million Skype users worldwide with 40 million users logged on during peak hours. Our target market are generally individuals between 45-65 who have a medical need for surgery and are looking to save money by travelling abroad.The secondary target is those that request a face to face question and answer session via Skype and have been redirected by our website. * Metric:Optimization will be recognized when 25% of site visitors and 5% of peak users request a professional consult session and of that number a minimum of 25% booking. Action Plan #4 * Action Item:Our firm will engage in local business networking with ambassadors. This service requires hiring two individuals specializing in international tourism and medical administration at a total of $75,000 per year. Objective:To facilitate procurement of visas, booking travel and airport pick up and drop of f. We also wish to broker consultations with professionals, accommodate for post-operative recuperation and arrange travel insurance. * Description:Our ambassadors will be responsible for networking with travel agencies, medical and dental professionals and insurance companies. They will act as liaisons on behalf of the firm to foster relationships with supporting organizations. Their main goal is to streamline the process of informing and preparing a client for participation in our program.They will also develop a working relationship with local medical professionals for redirection of the underinsured. * Target Market: There are 2466 travel agencies in Virginia available for a mutually beneficial cooperation of professionals. Also, healthcare providers seeking to lower costs by 80%-90% in India or 50%-70% in the middle-east. * Metric:Realization of our efforts acceptable when sales from networking opportunities for the period of one year reach 6 times the cost of the action item. Action Plan #5 Action Item:We will run a direct mailing campaign with promotional rewards for referrals and a budget of $1500 to begin March 15, 2013. * Objective:We will attract customers by introducing our company, informing the public of our products and services, generate customer loyalty and make sales. Offer invitations to visit a local office, official website or webinar of our firm. Finally, we will offer discounts on first time bookings and referrals. * Description:Our firm will conduct our direct mailing through USPS.The main visual content will be of a popular Asian or Middle-Eastern vacation resort and a medical professional in uniform. We will offer a message of physical recovery in peaceful fun surroundings. The emphasis of the material will focus more on the vacation aspect than the medical procedures therefore inscriptions referencing entertainment and amenities will be larger than those concerning medical practices. Also, the material will include a picture of a gro up of Westerners (Americans and Europeans) in ordinary middle class attire to symbolize the affordability of our products and services. Target Market: Primary for this venue will be ordinary working Americans with a median income of $60,000 yearly, adequately to slightly under-insured between the ages of 45-65. Secondary for this venue are those with ongoing medical issues that travel abroad at least once every 5 years with incomes upward of $100,000. * Metric:Progressive indicators will be an increase in call volume, website visits and return request forms for more information. The expected result is a 10% verifiable response volume that results in either referrals or bookings.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Business Ethics Tyco International Essay
Description of Organization and Product Tyco International Ltd. is a corporation with official headquarters based in Pembroke, Bermuda but the company maintains operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. Tyco has grown into a multi-billion dollar company (scattered in over 100 countries)  with revenue of $41.0 billion USD (2006) to boast. Founded in 1960 by Arthur J. Rosenberg, Tyco was birthed when Rosenberg opened a laboratory intended for research and experimental works catered for government use. Incorporated by 1962 as Tyco Laboratories, it shifted its focus to developing scientific materials as well as energy conversion products, which now caters for the commercial sector. Tyco is a manufacturing and service conglomerate which is involved in a variety of products ranging from electronics, fire and security services, healthcare, aerospace, and some industrial products. For instance, its passive and active electronic components are found in computers, aerospace, automobiles, industrial machines, and household appliances among others. Under its fire protection and electronic security operations, it is responsible for designing, manufacturing, and installing products as well as providing services in these areas. Part of Tyco’s Healthcare business involves medical, pharmaceutical, surgical, imaging, and respiratory products. The company also manufactures industrial valves, and fire sprinklers thereby giving services in residential and industrial settings (â€Å"Tyco: Our Business†). It also provides services  consultation on engineering and construction management, including operating services. Through one of its subsidies, the company also has an integrated system used for the tracking and controlling public transportation system, tunnels, and bridges. Furthermore, Tyco is involved in the monitoring of systems of burglar & fire alarms, and on medical alert systems where 24-hour monitoring and response is necessary. Tyco is also engaged in buying steel and resin in the United States, as well as copper, gold, zinc, brass, paper, ink, cotton, wax, chemicals and additives. Other products purchased by the group are foil, copper clad materials, adhesives, and cloth. As of 2005, Tyco is responsible for employing about 247,900 people in its company (â€Å"Company Research: Tyco International Ltd.†). Tyco’s phenomenal growth can be traced back in the late 1980s when the company engaged in a number of acquisitions in some major companies such as ADT, Siemens Electrochemical Components, Thorn Security, and Mueller Company. But it was not until the 1990s and the subsequent years that Tyco became more aggressive in its acquisition strategy under Dennis Kozlowski as CEO. In a span of about eleven years (from 1991 to 2001), Tyco has reportedly acquired 1000 other companies. It was in 1997 that Tyco made the controversial shift of headquarters from Massachusetts to Bermuda, after the company’s acquisition of ADT.  ADT Limited has its origins which can be traced way back in the 1900s in the United Kingdom and by 1980s was restructured under the laws of Bermuda. Although part of the merger, since ADT was incorporated in Bermuda, it was still perceived as a shrewd move to avoid taxes. Shareholder and investors were later informed of this tax advantage. A partial list of Tyco’s products and its brands: AMP for its electronic components and cables RAYCHEM for circuit protection devices Ansul, Total Weather, Skum & Sabo for fire fighting products Kendall, Monoject, Shiley for medical supplies Simplex Grinnell, Wormald for fire sprinklers OpenSky and EDACS for critical communications systems Violation / People Involved            During the 1990s, the company continued to show a stable and steady rise in income. But by 1999, rumors of accounting irregularities began to leak with charges directed against Tyco’s top executives: Dennis Kozlowski (former chairman and chief executive), Mark H. Swartz (former chief financial officer), and Mark Belnick (former general counsel). These accusations were vehemently denied by the company’s leadership.            It was not until January of 2002 that prosecutors found Kozlowski guilty of tax evasion for his art purchases. Investigators later followed a trail of lavish expenditures, thereby making Kozlowski’s tax evasion scheme a mere ‘tip of the iceberg’.            Eight months later, these three men were arrested and tried before the New York State Supreme Court. Kozlowski and Swartz were charged of robbing the company of about $600 million with the aid of Belnick. They were found guilty of treating Tyco as a personal bank account, stealing worth of $170 million through company loans and $430 million worth of fraudulent sales of securities without the company’s shareholders knowledge (â€Å"Three Tyco Execs Indicted for Fraud†). Kozlowski was found guilty of masterminding a series of ethical violations, by misusing corporate funds for relocation and executive loan programs. Since 1996 up to 2002, these two men awarded themselves hundreds of millions of dollars with low or no-interest loans usually from Tyco’s Key Employee Corporate Loan Program (KELP). The company explicitly defined the purpose of the program. Tyco’s KELP was designed to provide loan assistance for Tyco key employees to pay their taxes when investing upon Tyco’s common stock. Of the $270 million that Kozlowski took through KELP loans (from 1997 to 2002), about $29,000,000 only were used for taxes because of the result of the vesting of Tyco stock. The rest of the money were improperly used for self-serving interests such as acquiring luxury apartments and estates, expensive artworks, estate jewelry, a yacht, and spending about $100 million for a lavish party for his second wife. Also, Kozlowski is now notoriously known for owning a gold-laced shower curtain worth $6,000  a picture for his lavish lifestyle. He also used KELP funds to finance his own personal investments and other business ventures, deliberately violating the program’s purpose. Swartz also misappropriated about $85,000,000 dollars from the company’s KELP loans during these same periods. Following from Kozlowski’s example, he too appropriated only about $13,000,000 dollars to cover taxes as a result from the vesting of Tyco stock. Swartz misappropriated the remaining $72,000,000 dollars for self-serving purposes such as financing his own business investments, and the purchasing of real estate holdings and trusts. Kozlowski and Swartz were also guilty of deceitful acts by deliberately failing to disclose in their annual Director & Officer Questionnaire (â€Å"D&O Questionnaire†), which are given to Tyco’s senior executives, the information of these loans  much less the manner of which how these KELP loans were used. Tyco’s shareholders were deceived by Kozlowski and Swartz’s failure to reveal these important facts on the company’s Form 10-K and proxy statements. The company also has a relocation loan program since 1995, to give assistance to its employees who were affected when it moved its offices to New York City from New Hampshire and later to Florida. Kozlowski and Swartz also enriched themselves by availing of relocation loans and spending it for purposes not covered by the program. Of the $46,000,000 dollars which Kozlowski amassed from the relocation loan, $18,000,000 was spent to buy a waterfront compound in Boca Raton and an estimated $7,000,000 Park Avenue apartment for his previous wife. Swartz spent $6,500,000 to purchase an apartment on New York City’s Upper East Side; $17 M for a waterfront compound also in Boca Raton; and the rest of the funds were used in purposes not authorized by the program. They were also accountable for repeatedly classifying and reclassifying their debts to the company, and even moving on to authorizing transactions by which their millions of dollars of KELP and relocation loans were forgiven and written off the company’s books. They also instructed others to falsify the company’s books and records in order to conceal these violations. Swartz also enriched himself by selling his New Hampshire real estate to a Tyco subsidiary for $305,000, but in which the Tyco subsidiary sold it at a far lower price about two years later from its purchase. Swartz purposely did not disclose this transaction from Tyco’s investors. Both Kozlowski and Swartz abused company perquisites from Tyco  such as causing the company to purchase luxurious apartments and stay in it rent-free and made use of Tyco corporate aircraft in purposes unrelated to the company’s business. The former CEO also misused Tyco’s funds by releasing large amounts of charitable donations in his own name, and all the while failed to disclose and report these facts to investors, as mandated by the federal securities laws. While possessing material information, Swartz engaged in fraudulent sales of Tyco stocks through family business partnerships. Both men lied to Tyco’s auditors by signing management representation letters which avowed the absence of fraudulent acts from significant employees involved in Tyco’s internal control. Belnick, Tyco’s former chief legal officer, amassed millions of dollars from Tyco through similar violations committed by Kozlowski and Swartz (T Newkirk, J Coffman, R Kaplan, D Frohlich, and J Weiner. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Explanation of the Outcome            The two former top Tyco executives received 8 1/3 to 25 years of prison-sentence after being tried before a New York state court, after it’s first resulted in a mistrial. They were found guilty of siphoning and misappropriating company funds during their stint as Tyco’s top executives. This was considered as one of the biggest ethical violations in a series of white-collar crimes that has tainted and eroded public confidence in the US corporate landscape. As a result, Kozlowski and Swartz served their terms in New York state prison, a case which differs greatly from other convicted corporate executives.            Other convicted corporate executives such as Adelphia’s John Rigas, or Martha Stewart served their prison sentences in a federal prison. Often dubbed as â€Å"Club Feds†or â€Å"Camp Cupcake†, federal prison conditions could appear like a ‘boarding school’ â€â€- there are no bars and some are even offering facilities like tennis courts.            In stark contrast, state prison do not offer such ‘luxuries’ and the gravest issue could boil down even to the inmate’s safety. It usually houses criminals convicted of rape, murder and other violent offenses â€â€- one reason which explains its unsafe condition and which makes tight security a necessity.            While others may see this conviction too harsh for a white-collar crime, Kozlowski and Swartz cannot escape their fate since their case began as a state investigation for trying to evade about $1,000,000 dollars worth of tax payment for acquiring expensive artworks by Renoir, Monet and other celebrated painters.            Also, this has come upon the government’s stand of placing stricter measures on its effort of cracking down corruption in the corporate scene (K. Crawford. â€Å"For Kozlowski, An Especially Grim Future†).            According to a former SEC prosecutor, the sentences for white-collar criminals are getting tougher and judges’ former tendency to give them milder treatment is fast disappearing. While Kozlowski is credited for building up Tyco’s multi-billion dollar industrial empire, which used to give an impressive and illustrious career  rising from being an ordinary employee to become Tyco’s chief executive officer, his crime is also credited as the grandest (so far) in scale and amount of thievery in corporate history.            While some would protest about the usefulness of long prison sentences given to white-collar criminals, especially when they are towards the age of retirement. However, there is an inescapable trend among state and federal courts to give longer years of prison-conviction. Whereas in the early 1990s, when such crimes were new and few, a certain convicted salesman received eight years reduction in his 10-year term, an equivalent of 22 months in jail (L. Lazaroff. â€Å"Ex-Tyco Executives Get Up To 25 Years: Kozlowski, Swartz also to pay millions in restitution, fines†). Kozlowski is serving his prison sentence at Midstate Correctional Facility in Marcy, N.Y., located outside of Syracuse of N.Y.            Clearly, there has been a great shift of change. Opinion of the Outcome            In the aftermath of the Enron, Adelphia, Tyco and other high profile business scandals which prove that ethical violations can pose a serious and costly risk for a business entity’s ability to grow or thrive. As demonstrated by Kozlowski, Swartz and Belnick â€â€- the collapse of integrity could cost hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars for its company to cover extra expenses such as litigation, fines, damage of company reputation, subsequent loss of client’s trust, decline in sales, and the process for damage-control.            While this indictment against Kozlowski and his accomplices seem severe when it received as much punishment as those who commit violent crimes, but given the substantial amount stolen, the consequent loss of wealth due to erosion of public trust, and costly lawsuits  the benefits of giving such harsh convictions would serve as a deterrent for future losses. It is also the government’s responsibility to restore confidence among investors towards corporate entities in order for these institutions to survive.            Kozlowski’s shot for â€Å"dizzying success†(even using fraudulent and criminal means) was fed in part by Wall Street’s hero worship of ‘rock star’ CEOs. However, in light of a string of corporate scandals, leaders must be emulated for their ability to ‘shepherd’ their company and provide examples of living up to ethical standards themselves.            This outcome also brings the much needed transformation on government (such as the Sarbeans-Oxley Act) and company policies pertaining to how business is conducted by those who serve them. While most of the focus is on the violators, the rippling effects of such crimes could threaten the financial security of millions of the company’s employees and their families.            Companies, in lieu of the scandal, have now placed greater importance of training its employees to make ethical decisions which would cultivate a corporate culture founded on trust and integrity.            This case also helped to strengthen greater consciousness for the need to fight corruption in a global scale. The United Nations signed a new treaty in its bid to fight corruption worldwide. This covers not only government officials but is applied to the private sector as well (â€Å"United Nations Convention Against Corruption†). The Organization Today            Rebounding from the moral crises that swept its top executives, along with other companies, there has been greater commitment for transparency among the new management performers in Tyco and other companies. These are corporate leaders who have built a track record of excellent performance and who have been practicing high ethical standards. All efforts are geared toward rebuilding the company’s reputation, public and investor’s trust.            When Edward D. Breen became Tyco’s new CEO in July 2002, he took a bold step in his sweeping reform to re-establish credibility and faith to the company, which included firing the Board of Directors that hired him. Of the 500 employees in Tyco’s Princeton, N.J. headquarters, as much as 480 are newly hired since Breen breezed in to Tyco’s management scene.            Although at first, Breen found the company in confusion, low morale among its employees, and about to face a cash shortage because of an $11 billion debt due a year after, Tyco has a good foundation due to Tyco’s acquisition of a number of stable businesses (S. Lohr. â€Å"New Strategies Changing Face of Corporate Scandal†). This separates Tyco from much of the companies who suffered the same fate from dishonest dealings by its top executives most of which filed for bankruptcy. Tyco was able to recover from the crisis.            According to a public announcement made last January 13, 2006, Tyco International is divided into three business segments: Tyco Healthcare, Tyco Electronics, and Tyco Fire & Security, and Tyco Engineered Products & Services (TFS/TEPS). Each has operations separate from each other and possesses their own set of board of directors, executives, and financial structure. By February 6, 2007, Tyco has revenue of $41 billion and currently employing about 250,000 people in different countries.            Despite being in the process of splitting into three major companies, Tyco International Ltd. still saw an increase of net earnings of up to 43 % or a profit rise of about $793 million due to great demand especially for its electronics and security devices. Company profit taken from continuing operations is up on 37 cents per share – a performance which proved better than Wall’s Street’s forecasts.            Among Tyco’s four divisions, three reported an increase in sales and better operating profits for the first quarter of this year; with its heal-care the only segment which handed in a lower yield in profit due to the company’s restructuring measures.            Tyco is preparing to push on its health-care and electronics divisions by the second quarter. It is gearing up for more aggressive measures as it sees a favorable global economic environment for this year, being optimistic to avail a rise of 6 to 7 percent in sales.            Tyco’s shares have even achieved more than 30% over the previous year, twice than the rise of Standard & Poor’s 500 index. Another measure of its success- Tyco’s stock price rose to $33.21 on the New York Stock Exchange from its $8 value just right after the scandal (â€Å"Tyco’s Net Earnings Jump 43%†). References:  â€Å"Tyco: Our Business†. http://www.tyco.com/ â€Å"Company Research: Tyco International Ltd.†. The New York Times. February 16, 2007. http://custom.marketwatch.com/custom/nyt-com/html-companyprofile.asp?MW=http://marketwatch.nytimes.com/custom/nyt-com/html-companyprofile.asp&symb=TYC&sid=42806#compinfo â€Å"Three Tyco Execs Indicted for Fraud†. CNN.com/BUSINESS. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/BUSINESS/asia/09/12/us.tyco/ Newkirk T, Coffman J, Kaplan R, Frohlich D, Weiner J. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaint/complr 17722.htm Crawford, K. â€Å"For Kozlowski, An Especially Grim Future†. CNNMoney.com    http://money.cnn.com/2005/06/21/news/newsmakers/prisons_state/ Lazaroff, Leon. â€Å"Ex-Tyco Executives Get Up To 25 Years: Kozlowski, Swartz also to pay millions in restitution, fines. Chicago Tribune. September 20, 2005. â€Å"United Nations Convention Against Corruption†.    http://untreaty.un.org/English/notpubl/Corruption_E.pdf Lohr, S. â€Å"New Strategies Changing Face of Corporate Scandal†. New York Times News Service. June 4, 2005.    http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050604/news_1b4scandals.html â€Å"Tyco’s Net Earnings Jump 43%†. February 6, 2007.    http://money.cnn.com/2007/02/06/news/companies/bc.tyco.results.reut/index.htm
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Metaphysical Poetry Essay
Metaphysical poetry arose as a reaction to the extremes of Petrarchism; one problem with Petrarchan poems is a kind of predictability-the conceit is found, presented, & elaborated, but there are few subsequent surprises. Donne and his followers like to catch us off-guard, change direction, etc., to foil expectations. Metaphysical poetry is, in general, characterized by its ingenuity, intellectuality, and frequent obscurity. In terms of subject matter, metaphysicals reject not only Petrarchan rhetoric but also the pose of abject worship of the mistress which sonneteers had inherited via Petrarch from the troubadours; in its place they put sexual realism and an interest in introspective psychological analysis of the emotions of love and religion (sometimes expressing the one in terms of the other, and sometimes actually being metaphysical in subject matter too). These poets showed a penchant for the novel and the shocking, and relished obscurity, rough verse, strained imagery, and at their best can be startlingly effective. Donne set the pattern by writing in a diction & metre modelled on the rough give-and-take of actual speech, and usually organized his poems in the dramatic and rhetorical form of an urgent or heated argument (with reluctant mistress, intruding friend, God, Death, himself). Employed a subtle and often deliberately outrageous logic; realistic, ironic, and sometimes cynical in his treatment of the complexity of human motives, whether in matters of love or religion. Reputation-decline in 18th-19th centuries during which time they were seen as interesting but perversely ingenious and obscure eccentrics.; big upsurge in the 20th due to the favourable press from the likes of T.S. Eliot and Dylan Thomas. Metaphysical Conceit->a highly ingenious kind of conceit widely used by the metaphysical poets, who explored all areas of knowledge to find, in the startlingly esoteric or the shockingly commonplace, telling and unusual analogies for their ideas. Metaphysical conceits often exploit verbal logic to the point of the grotesque and sometimes achieve such extravagant turns on meaning that they become absurd (e.g. Richard Crashaw’s description of Mary Magdalene’s eyes as â€Å"Two walking baths; two weeping motions,/Portable and compendious oceans†). These conceits work best when the reader is given a perception of a real but previously unsuspected similarity that is enlightening; then they may speak to our minds and emotions with force. Examples of potential metaphysical conceits->love is like an oil change; love is like a postage stamp; love is like a pair of compasses; the soul of a sinner is like a damaged pot. As you can see, the temptation to be merely clever must be hard to resist, while the difficulty in making such a conceit truly effective is quite considerable.
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
How White Mountain Apache people think about their lives and the Essay
How White Mountain Apache people think about their lives and the landscape in which they are located - Essay Example It also captures comparative elements between the Apache, Hopi and the Shoshone people. The understanding of the native practices and the shared norms of a community enables individuals to build strong units of engagements. Communities that seek to protect their identity are under obligation to understand their past practices to shape their decisions on various issues â€Å"Basso, 1†. This explains the need for the Apache people who had strong beliefs on social and cultural to know their place of origin, prehistoric events and the significance of their â€Å"cultural landscape†. The Apache people who are believed to have originated from India are located within a radius of twenty miles in the western part of the state. They are individuals with strong cultural and social practices that define their lifestyle â€Å"Simpson, 1†. Their historical background that is comparable to Shoshone and Hopi people depicts them as hard workers, determined and â€Å"place making,†individuals who successfully fought for their rights. They exhibit positive thoughts about their lives and the landscape in which they reside as â€Å"a place world†that means their territory. They stated, â€Å"We are part of the land, the rivers, the trees and all†â€Å"Simpson, 1†. The community members depict themselves as hard workers and good fighters for their rights. This is due to severe prehistoric atrocities that they were exposed to by the assimilation rulers in the US. Despite the hostilities that made them to â€Å"suffer severe economic and political disruptions†, they fought back as a cohesive unit until they claimed their present landscape that is rich in resources. Their lives to date have changed tremendously due to the economic benefits they receive from the landscape â€Å"Basso, 2†. They also hold positive thoughts about their landscape that is referred as â€Å"a cultural
Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1
Holocaust - Essay Example Germany lost battle during the war. The German economy dropped drastically. Apparently, the Germans started developing hatred towards the Jews since most of them, at that time were well off. Hitler was among those who had an extreme hatred for the Jews. He tried unsuccessfully to vie for presidency in Germany. However, he occupied a leadership position in the German governing system. It was through that position that he started spreading the message of hate towards the Jews. In 1933, Hitler rose to power and introduced anti-Semitism that meant hatred towards to Jews. He introduced holocaust that lead to the death of 6 million Jews. This paper will attempt to explain activities that took place during the Holocaust. It is obvious that many Jews and some Germans perished the atrocious events that happened during the reign of Hitler. Apparently, Hitler did not commit the activities alone. He received support from collaborators who did not like the Jews. Moreover, due to his experience, e ducation, and influence he was able to lure people and collaborators to join his quest. According to most articles considering events that took place during the holocaust it is difficult to explain the causes of Holocaust. However, many factors supported it and contributed largely to atrocious activities that took place during Hitler reign. Some of the factors that influenced holocaust dates back when Jesus Christ was alive and living in Israel, home to many Jews (Walters, 2009). After the death of Christ, most people across the world, including the Germans, developed hatred towards the Jews. Germans viewed them as the people responsible for the death of Jesus. Many Germans are Christians. Therefore, most of them believed in the message communicated by Jesus. For this reason, they grew hatred when they met those related to Jesus murderers. According to the most Germans, they were revenging for Jesus Christ. At a young age, especially after First World War,
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Business Research Discussion Week 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Business Research Discussion Week 11 - Essay Example When p-value goes down, the price goes up; on the contrary, the price goes up whenever the p-value goes up. However, when the p-value goes up, the mile goes up and vice-versa. Therefore, an increase on p-value will automatically lower the price of purchasing the gas. Thus, the expenditure will go down as well. On the other hand, an increase in p-value lead to an increase in mile covered. Therefore, this means that a decrease in p-value will lead to a decrease in mile and hence reduce the expenditure. The determination of the coefficient significance is by what best measures the strength of the relationship and it is r2. The strength is expressed in the given levels of probability (Sonneveld, 2008). The data can be used to make principal decision based on the implications. A decrease in p-value lead to a decrease in price of purchasing the gas, then the company can make a decision on how to reduce the p-value, hence reduce their expenditure as well. Consequently, the company can use the data to decide on how to lower the p-value hence lower the miles covered. Thus, this will in turn lower their annual expenditure and hence more profit to the company (Neudecker &
Monday, August 26, 2019
Islamic Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Islamic Finance - Case Study Example Hence, the present state of this Islamic finance is trying to upgrade and cope up with the economic, banking and finance crisis with trend and advance in technology and it seems it will still be involving from generations to generations. The view of charging interest on Islamic finance regarding riba is that their basic idea is they like money contribute to this Islamic finance used to develop mosques’ rather than other projects (Swartz, 2011). In accordance to Sharia Islamic religious law riba is considered manipulative and unlawful (Swartz, 2011). In addition, interest from the contributed money is often criticized because perspective view of these whole issues states that it is an effortless profit where the borrower is expected to pay as a form of compensation to the lender. Even in cases like where creditor has right of possession of debtor’s property if he or she is unable to settle the debt. Therefore, riba is an economic issue concerning the Muslims. In the fact, it is unlawful and discouraged in one way or another since the inception of this Islamic finance and still Islam is still withstanding this beliefs. Hence, the major concern in analysis to this monetary transaction is to evade riba des pite the reality that it is the foundation to growth in economics, banking and finance (Hart, Childs & Boyle, 2013). For Islamic finance to grow and develop a strong basis, banks have introduced use of tawarruq and inah to aid in improving Islamic economic, banking and finance with the intention of replacing the old concepts, which are prohibited in Islam. However, this has ignited controversy and criticism for many believe that the dealings are not Sharia compliant citing their argument that there is no main economic activity involved about Sharia law. Therefore, application of tawarruq and Inah banking system in Islamic finance is invalid and in effective. This is because this monetary institution will face an extensive
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Marketing Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Marketing Proposal - Assignment Example A good formal marketing plan will ensure the business moves forwards and makes profits since it understands the dynamics of the market (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). The organization has been facing stiff competition in the market which has since been dominated by other players. Some of the company’s competitors include Queensland Wow Sight & Sound, Dick Smith Electronic, Woolworths Limited, David Jones Limited and Myer Holding Limited among others (Hanneley, 2010). Besides this, the macro environment, which may affect the organizational performance relates to economic conditions masking many companies to close their offices as well as many people not able to afford services and products of the company. Political unrest in some nations, cultural taste as well as government regulations may affect the sustainability of the company’s products in other markets. The company main competitive advantage is because of its online stores where clients can order from anywhere within their reach. This makes it possible for the company to contact their clients from wherever place they are hence giving them advantage over other companies. It also has a number of stores which are distributed all lover contributing to increased advantage in the local market. Additionally, it offers one stop shop where clients can get a wide range of products for their office as well as home use. The companies target market includes the real estate developers as the company has an interest in lighting system and electrical. The company targets office as it supplies office furniture, computers and other communication equipments. It targets home owners in the supply of small appliances, furniture, bedding, carpet among other things. In general, the company targets everyone who has room as it has the products and services needed in changing the look of the room by equipping and installing new features. The products to be introduced in the market will meet the customer’s expectation because the
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Commentary (Economics HL) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2
Commentary (Economics HL) - Essay Example Sustainable consumption is what we deal with in this paper through an article. The selected article, â€Å"Towards Sustainable Household Consumption?†published by OECD in 2002 deals with the issue of sustainable consumption in OECD countries. It basically explains the trends and patterns of household consumption in OECD countries, the driving forces behind those trends and patterns, environmental impacts of household consumption patterns, different kinds of policies that could be taken for achieving sustainable consumption in OECD countries. For the current purpose, the focus is being placed on that portion of the article where it precisely explains the observable trends and patterns in the household consumption level in OECD countries, the driving forces or factors that shape those trends and patterns in the consumption level. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of household consumption patterns, particularly for the consumption of food, tourism related travel, energy, and water in OECD countries. As discussed in the article, there has been a steady increase in per capita private consumption over the last few decades, particularly in 1980s, and 1990s as suggested by the article. The per capita private consumption level has also been projected to follow the same trend up to 2020. As far as transport is considered, total motor vehicle stocks, motor vehicle kilometers, total global air traveling has all experienced significant growth and are projected to grow by huge amount in coming years. In case of food consu mption, the choice of diet and food habits have been going through various changes, e.g. there has been a shift towards consumption of more and more packaged and processed food. The OECD countries have also experienced significant increase in the use of energy. As shown in the article, in the period of 1973- 1995, the
Friday, August 23, 2019
Media Audience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Media Audience - Essay Example Media research problems are many and some of them are connected with the ethnography. Meeting people, observing them, participating in their activities, experiencing, reflecting, and understanding are considered to be the real ethnography. Media ethnography is virtual, proper, accumulated experiences, matters of every day life, some important and the rest unimportant. There should be a tradition, or continuity in it because the field or object should have existed for at least a certain amount of time, media ethnographies are about the end users, here, they are the audience. It is important to know how ethnography could be contextualised. While researching on the key issue of ethnography, mostly it is done on the constraints placed on the media. Media ethnography studies various fields of media and how it could be used in understanding the audience. "Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written; members of an audience will have prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are," Abercrombie (1996, p. 140). Media ethnography is a new methodology, and one of... In wireless research communication poses methodological challenges where cell phone usage is concerned. It is interesting to find out the social rules, adherence and breakage from them, and how new rules and new cell phone etiquette are formulated all the time. It maps the cell phone's capacity of fast becoming the social topography markers and it analyses the trend. Researchers face the problems of analysing the modifications, innovations, discoveries, new social interactions, violations, discarding of old social behaviours over the phone. New media research is also forced to analyse the usage of codes in social interactions and conversations. There are many challenges that are confronted by media researchers in coding too. If the research is about the internet, researcher has to find the reason, motivation, kinds of information and decision making while researching on internet. It is important to know how it is used for online interviews, how people are found and positioned, in what way it is better than personal interviews, or over telephone and how it is using the updated technology. It is also interesting to find out about the chat rooms that use many topics, political, economical, social, religious, cultural and informational and why, how and how often they use this facility. Researching on use-net and message boards had not been easy either. Researcher faces difficulties in finding people for interview and retaining their interest for the time of his research. Good sampling is an equally difficult task because to create and structure such a group of par excellence again is very difficult. Formatting the interview, deciding its mode and means of conducting such an
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Discussing Road Accidents in Malaysia Essay Example for Free
Discussing Road Accidents in Malaysia Essay Road accidents are global tragedies with an ever-raising trend. In Malaysia, it represents a major public problem because of the high number of victims involved and also the seriousness of the consequences for the victim themselves and to their families. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle accidents in which the vehicle is either colliding with fixed objects or with pedestrians Besides that, the vehicle may fall in a ditch and multiple vehicle accidents in which two or more than two vehicle can either collide head–on. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economic development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country. It continues to be a growing concern to all those who uses the roads. Every year, road accidents in Malaysia are becoming more and more common in today’s society and it contributes to a significant number of deaths as the result. Although the police have already taken action to prevent the accidents, it is still raising day by day. Based on statistics, road accidents mostly occur during festive days such as Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, Deepavali and so on. They are travelling a long distance for purpose to go back their hometown to celebrate with their relatives. There are a few reasons why accidents happen in Malaysia. Firstly, road accidents happen because of speeding. For example, many teenagers in Malaysia like to drive with a sense of speed. They drive recklessly and love to ignore the speed limit. Even though our government has put up signboards on roads and highways, they seem to ignore these signs. These actions not only endanger their lives but it also endangers the lives of other road users. Secondly, accidents happen when the drivers are in a drunken condition. After getting drunk, they do not realize that they are actually driving very fast because they are influenced by alcohol. They lose the ability to focus and drive properly when drunk. So, they would get in trouble and get involved in an accident. It is a very dangerous action and is one of the top causes of accidents in Malaysia. Thirdly, Malaysia has a lot of road users that are not responsible. They do not care about the rules that are provided; they just ignore them for the sake of being comfortable. They are careless and make unnecessary mistakes such as falling asleep at the wheel, unsafe overtaking, not stop at the red traffic light and other common disregards of road rules. Distractions are also linked to driver error because accidents can occur when the driver is distracted, which includes texting while driving. As a conclusion, there are a lot of causes of road accidents but the main cause of road accidents occur because of the driver’s behaviour. As a driver, we need to take responsibility for what we have done. Refrain from doing actions that might cause accidents to occur or injure other person; on phone while driving, drunk driving and so on. These actions are really dangerous if we do it when driving because we cannot control the car well. Remember that our family members are always worried about us and care about us. There are no people who are wishing to get involved in a road accident. It is really a tragedy; it makes a lot of people lose their family members. Besides that, all Malaysians should be cooperating to reduce the number of road accidents. Whenever you think that this isn’t achievable, remember our slogan â€Å"Malaysia Boleh†.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
The Mending Wall Essay Example for Free
The Mending Wall Essay A stone wall separates the speaker’s property from his neighbor’s. In spring, the two meet to walk the wall and jointly make repairs. The speaker sees no reason for the wall to be keptâ€â€there are no cows to be contained, just apple and pine trees. He does not believe in walls for the sake of walls. The neighbor resorts to an old saying: â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors.†The speaker remains unconvinced and mischievously presses the neighbor to look beyond the old-fashioned folly of such reasoning. His neighbor will not be swayed. The speaker envisions his neighbor as a living relic from a justifiably outdated era, an example of a dark-age mentality. But the neighbor simply repeats the saying. Review The image at the heart of â€Å"Mending Wall†is striking: two men meeting on terms of civility to build a barrier between them. They do so out of tradition, out of habit. Yet the very earth conspires against them and makes their task Sisyphean. Sisyphus, you may recall, is the figure in Greek mythology condemned perpetually to push a boulder up a hill, only to have the boulder roll down again. These men push boulders back on top of the wall; yet just as inevitably, whether because of the hunters or sprites or at the invisible hand of nature, the boulders tumble down again. Still, the neighbors persist. The poem, thus, seems to be based on three themes: barrier-building (segregation, in a sense), the doomed nature of this activity, and our persistence in this activity regardless. The speaker may dislike his neighbor’s pointless wall-building, may observe the activity with humorous indifference, but he himself goes to the wall at all times of the year to mend the damage done by hunters; it is the speaker who contacts the neighbor at wall-mending time to set the annual appointment. Which person, then, is the real wall-builder? Looking at it from a different perspective, the building of walls, both literal and figurative, mark the very foundation of society. Figuratively, rules and laws are walls; justice is the process of wall-mending. The ritual of wall maintenance highlights the dual and complementary nature of human society: The rights of the individual are affirmed through the affirmation of other individuals’ rights. In this way the neighbor’s need for wall-mending seems justified.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
A Streetcar Named Desire | Analysis
A Streetcar Named Desire | Analysis A Streetcar Named Desire, a play by a Southern playwright Tennessee Williams, presents the problems of the United States after both wars and Great Depression. It also touches the issues of immigrant families and the old settlers. Although the play is situated in the South but the compelling manner in which he provides themes makes it rather universal. A Streetcar Named Desire has two strong characters Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski that are concurrently similar and different. Both try to hide their own weakness but in a different way and try to get rid of their inner and also outer problem, but in a different way. Blanche DuBois arrives to her sisters apartment, which is located in New Orleanss part called Elysian Fields, to escape from her unpleasant reality. She and her sister Stella Kowalski are descendants of the old Southern aristocracy and they are descendants of the old immigrants. Even at the beginning of the play Blanche DuBois is considered to be a fallen woman in the eyes of others. She lost all family fortune and family estate Belle Reve, she was present her husbands suicide, her history of sexual relationships is very rich and she also has a serious drinking problem which she tries to cover up. Blanche is an opposite character to her sister Stella. According to their individual past they symbolize dark and light, dirty and clean characters. Blanche, who has very rich personal history which is a heavy burden to her and in fact forces her to leave a family estate behind and leave her hometown, in the play undertakes a process of cleaning herself and she tries to brush her life from every mistake she made and start new life. Underneath all the dirt and sins, there is an insecure, dislocated individual. In A Streetcar Named Desire there are several processes and action for that purpose. The cleaning does not include only personal history, reputation, her body but also relationships and the way she is treated. Blanches problems with men started when she got married too young a hidden homosexual, who committed suicide after the confrontation with his sexuality. During her carrier as a teacher she seduced or was seduced by many men including her student. Although she probably never was alone in her hometown but certainly she was lonely. Because of all her dirty and bad history of her, she wants to make a relationship in a right way. For Blanche a vision of marriage with Mitch means to escape from dirty and sinful past, to clean herself from the other men. In this case, the wearing of white dress, which is a colour of innocence, as a bride would symbolically clean her history with men. Mens exploitation of her sexuality has left her with a very poor reputation and with that came destitution. She believes she is an honorable lady of South who deserves to be treated that way but with all the gossips she cannot be. She tries to find a typical Southern gentleman who can save her and take care of her. This chivalric man is in the play represented by non-existing millionaire Shep Huntleigh. Blanche is depending on sexual admirations of men for it brings her almost lost self-esteem. In spite of every attempt for gaining normal marriage and dignity she fails again. Blanche will never be able to clean herself from the past and men because of her relying on them and putting her fate in their hands. The dependency and inability to see thing realistically leads to inevitable downfall rather than to purge. The strongest motif of the cleaning processes is bathing. Blanche bathes throughout the whole A Streetcar Named Desire. She claims that the hot water calms her nerves and in the Scene Two she says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦all freshly bathed and scented, and feeling like a brand new human being! So the cleaning is taken as a physical symbol on the one hand metaphorically and on the other hand literally. Her sexual experiences made her a dirty person and subconsciously she wants to get rid of her odious history. Her efforts to forget and clean herself cannot erase her past and because of that her bathing takes a long time, it is almost never done. Blanches constant bathing starts in the Scene Two. Stanley and Stella are talking about the lost of Belle Reve. Stella is satisfied with the Blanches answer that it had to be sacrificed. However, pragmatic Stanley wants to see all the papers concerning the family estate. He seemed to always hope of owning the estate or take an advantage from its sale. Stanley checks clothes in Blanches trunk and accuses Blanche that money from the sale is in her wardrobe now instead of in his pocket. While Blanche is bathing first facts about her history is revealing. She baths as she would like to wash her guilt of losing the Belle Reve. And behind her back others are deciding of her future. During bathing Blanche is singing. In Scene Two and Seven there is a popular ballad Its Only a Paper Moon. The lyrics Its a Barnum and Bailey world / Just as phony as it can be / But it wouldnt be make-believe / If you believed in me, describe the world where love is turn from reality into a phony fantasy. Love dos not exist in the real world and it is only imagined. It narrates Blanches life and her strong believe that her future happiness with Mitch lies in her behaviour. Blanche thinks that if she would try hard enough the hope would have become reality. The song very well accompanies the process of cleaning herself during bathing. Tennessee Williams use a juxtaposition of Blanches perception of her love life and the cruel reality, Blanches optimistic interpretation of the song with Stanleys mischievous revelations about her. Williams creates an ironic dramatic situation where Blanche is singing about, in fact, nonsense. As Blanche takes a bath Stanley tells Stella about her sisters sexual history. Other important thing is taking place behind Blanches back. Stanley tells Stella that he also told the whole history not only to her but also to Mich. Stella is now sure that Mitch will never marry Blanche because of that. While Blanche is bathing other important information about her reveals. On the outside Blanche appears to be fresh and temporarily renewed. However, she fails the process of cleaning herself from past and her reputation again. Stanley has objections against Blanches constant bathing. On a metaphorical level he shows his rejections towards Blanches processes of cleaning and purification. There is other song Blanche is using for getting rid of her past and becoming as innocent as she was when she has been still married. The Varsouviana Polka is the tune which she hears in her head. It is also a tune which she was dancing with her husband and when she last saw him alive. The song reminds Blanche times of innocence and the time when the decline of her life became. The day when Allen Grey committed suicide she saw him with other male friend in bed and pretended that nothing happened. However, during dancing on the tune of Varsouviana Polka she told him that she found him disgusting. The polka represents Blanches longing for innocence which is already lost. First Blanche hears it during the meeting of Stanley in the Scene One. Other appearance of the tune accompanies Blanches narration of her young husbands death. Since her mental decline begins she can hear the Varsouviana Polka constantly. For the purposes of process of cleaning she tires to move her miseries out of rea lity and focuses on her imaginary dream past world, she focuses on the becoming innocent again. In fact, her insanity is a token of regression to ideal imaginary environment. In conclusion, Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire tries through various ways to get rid of the past, sins, mistakes, memories and reputation. She arrived in Elysian Fields, which is the place where souls come before they can come back to our world, we can assume that her journey will start all over again. So from the beginning it is clear that Blanche is going to fail. Her problems go hand in hand. Her troubles with man would be cleaned by a wearing of a white dress at her wedding with Mitch, Blanches obsessive bathing resembles plunging of souls, the processes of cleaning are very psychic because she hopes to get away her habitual sins, alcohol does not wash away memories and also the songs which accompanied washing of the sins away do not help. Blanche is forced to leave with all her mistakes back to the rough reality but from the fresh new start but to the same stained history and reputation. Literature Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire . New York: Signet, 1974.
The relationship between the length and the period of motion of a pendu
Introduction: I chose to investigate this topic out of pure curiosity to see how the length of a pendulum affects its period of motion. A pendulum is a suspended point of mass, hung from a fixed point on an inextensible cord. When it is pulled and released from one side of its equilibrium, at x °, the pendulum swings back and forth on a vertical plane under the influence of gravity (La Nà © Powers, 2006). The motion is periodic and oscillatory; I am determining the oscillation or otherwise known as the period of motion (Resnick & Malliday, 1977, pp. 310-311). The period of motion is the amount of time taken to swing back and forth once, measured in seconds and symbolised by T (Kurtus, 2010). Galileo discovered pendulums and he found that the period of motion is proportional to the square root of the length - T∠√l (Morgan, 1995). Due to the research carried out, I have discovered that the correct method of measuring the independent variable (length of the string) is from the fixed point it is hung from (fulcrum) to the center of the mass (Cory, 2004)(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011). The formula F=-mg sinâ ¡ÃŽ ¸ shows that when a pendulum is displaced from its equilibrium, it is brought back to the center by restoring force ("Pendulum," 2008). Newton’s second law, F=Ma=(d^2 (LÃŽ ¸))/(dt^2 ) , shows that the arc which the pendulum swings through is actually a segment of a circle – with the radius being the length of the pendulum. The combination of these formulae demonstrates that the mass of a pendulum is independent to its period of motion (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011). I concluded from this that a specific weight for my pendulum is not necessary, although it must remain constant. As seen in the above equation, this restoring force is... ...of motion (T), measured in seconds and milliseconds. Time is recorded for five periods and averaged (T=t/5). Repeated five times for each length and averaged. Constant variables: the environmental conditions (enclosed indoor area), the weight of the pendulum, repeated the same amount of times for each length, released from 10 °, and the pendulum is released with the same tension in the string each time Equipment: 160cm of 8 strand braided nylon bricklayer’s line 17.07grams worth of 5/16†zinc plated mudguard washers Scientific scales reading from 100-0.01grams A stopwatch measuring to the milliseconds Spring clamp with a hole in the handle Blu-Tack 180 ° protractor A capable assistant Stool (if needed) Procedure: Clamp the spring clamp to an object over 160cm high without obstructions underneath and with the hole facing downwards.
Monday, August 19, 2019
gatdream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Just Dream It! :: Great Gatsby Essays
The Great Gatsby: Just Dream It! In Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, all the characters are, in one way or another, attempting to achieve a state of happiness in their lives. The main characters are divided into two groups: the rich upper class and the poorer lower class, which struggles to attain a higher position. Though the major players seek only to change their lives for the better, the American Dream is inevitably crushed beneath the harsh reality of life, leaving their lives without meaning or purpose. Tom and Daisy Buchanan, the rich socialite couple, seem to have everything they could possibly desire; however, though their lives are full of material possessions and worldly goods, they are unsatisfied and seek to change. Tom, the arrogant ex-football player, drifts on "forever seeking a little wistfully for the dramatic turbulence of some irrecoverable football game"(pg. 10) and reads "deep books with long words in them"(pg. 17) in order to have something to talk about. Though he appears happily married to Daisy, Tom has an affair with Myrtle Wilson and keeps an apartment with her in New York. Tom's basic nature of unrest prevents him from being satisfied with the life he leads, and so he creates another life for himself with Myrtle. Daisy Buchanan is an empty character, someone with hardly any convictions or desires. Even before her loyalty to either Tom or Gatsby is called into question, Daisy does nothing but sit around all day and wonder what to do with herself and her friend Jordan. She knows that Tom has a mistress on the side, yet she doesn't leave him even when she learns of Gatsby's love for her. Daisy makes her love to Gatsby apparent, yet cannot bring herself to tell Tom goodbye except when Gatsby forces her too. Even then, once Tom begs her to stay, even then Daisy ultimately leaves Gatsby for a life of comfort and security. The Buchanans are the ultimate examples of wealth and prosperity, and the American Dream. Yet their lives are empty, unfulfilled, and without purpose. Though Myrtle Wilson makes an attempt to escape her own class and pursue happiness with the richer set, her efforts ultimately produce no results and she dies. She is basically a victim of the group she wanted to join. Myrtle tries to join Tom's class by entering into an affair with him and taking on his way of living, but in doing so she becomes corrupt as if she were rich.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Depression Essay -- essays research papers fc
People suffering from depression experience a lasting and continuously depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, and even maintain interest in life. The occasional feeling of being â€Å"blue†does not usually cause a downward spiral into depression. People suffering from major depressive episodes may feel so fatigued that they cannot go to work, school, or even do the simple things we take for granted. They may sleep day and night, have problems concentrating, and feel so deeply sad and guilty. This could lead to infinite thoughts of suicide. Thus showing that depression has an effect on a person’s mind and personal life.      When depression ends, most people return to a â€Å"normal†emotional level. In some cases, however, people rebound to the opposite state, also known as, â€Å"mania.†The spectrum of manic symptoms can be quite severe, ranging from cyclothymia to severe delusional mania. Cyclothymia, which usually starts in the adolescent years or early adulthood, is also known as fluctuations of mood between mild elation and depression (Daly 1997). The most common form of manic depression is the bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by clinically marked mood swings between mania and depression (Daly 1997). These forms of manic depression are obtained in many ways. They can be passed on generation to generation within a family. It can also be obtained through the use of drugs as well as alcohol. Yet, one of the major causes for mania is neurological lesions or other states affecting the brain (Daly 1997).      When a person is diagnosed with manic depression, he or she will have certain outbreaks and episodes that range in severity and outcome. Clinical description and diagnosis of a manic depressant may begin abruptly, over the space of a few hours or days, or gradually over some weeks. The subjective experience of mania in its minor form usually includes heightened feelings of well being with increased alertness and drive, inflated self-esteem, and expansive sociability (Daly 1997). In addition to the increased sense, irritability may easily be evoked, and other mood states such as anxiety or sadness, brief but intensely expressed, may become apparent (Daly 1997). As mania deepens, over-activity and excessive talkativeness become more obvious. These are the signs of... ...tection or out of consideration for others (Gonzalez-Heydrich 1996).†As we grow older our minds expand. Depression can set in at an early point in your life or late into it. Traumatic episodes and even thoughts can play a role in the dilemma of depression. This disease can be controlled, yet think about those who cannot afford the treatment. Who do they turn to? They are going to live the rest of their lives in an altered state of depression forever. Works Cited Croghan, W. Thomas, Obenchain, L. Robert, and Crown E. William. July 1998. What does Treatment of Depression really Cost? Health Affairs. Daly, Ian. Mania. Lancet 1997:349 (9059): 1157-1160. Gonzalez-Heydrich, Joseph. The Depresses Child and Adolescent: Development and Clinical Perspectives. N Engl J Med; 334: 1410-1411. Hirschfeld, M.A. Robert, & Russell M., James. 1997. Current Concepts: Assessment and Treatment of Suicidal Patients. N Engl J Med; 337: 910-915. Partonen, Timo, & Lonnqvist, Jouko. 1998. Seasonal Affective Disorder. Lancet 1998; 352 (9137):1369-1374. Price, H. Lawerence, & Heninger, R. George. 1994. Drug Therapy: Lithium in the Treatment of Mood Disorders. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 591-598.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Treatments for Heroine Addiction
Developments in the treatments for heroin addiction have recognized the importance of combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to provide comprehensive or holistic intervention and ensure better results. The treatment for heroin addiction also coincides with the stages of addiction so that during the initiation of use and continuous craving for heroin, the treatment is crisis intervention. In the stages of detoxification and relapse, the treatment is cure of heroin addiction, patient care, and cure of co-occurring physical and mental disorders.In crisis intervention, naloxene is used for non-fatal overdose while methadone or buprenorphine together with cardiopulmonary resuscitation for fatal overdose. In the cure for heroin and patient care, opioid-antagonist drugs such as methadone buprenorphine, naltrexone or naloxone are used as well as a2-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine, lofexidine. Vaccines that prevent the penetration of heroin into the blood-brain barrier are also being developed. In the cure of co-occurring conditions such as depression, HIV/AIDS, or psychosis, the drug treatment depends on effectiveness, combination effects, and side effects.In all these phases, psychosocial interventions through counseling, therapy and community programs as well as prescription and supervision over the drug treatment enhance results. The different treatments for heroin addiction depend on the stage of addiction and the co-occurring condition of the patient. Addiction to heroin develops is four phases. First is the initiation phase with p-opioid receptors and dopamine serve as reinforcements to drug abuse. Second is the continuous use and craving for heroin that involves various neurotransmitters including tc-opioid receptors, dopamine, corticotrophin-releasing hormones, and glutamate.The treatment in the first and second phases is crisis intervention intended to prevent and reverse overdoes. Third is detoxification together with withdrawal phase involving norepinephrene and glutamate. Fourth is the relapse into heroin use after a period of abstinence with norepinephrene and corticotropin-releasing hormones playing a role in brain stress and y-amino butyric acid and glutamate playing an important role in the compulsion towards relapse.Treatment for phase three and four involve cure of heroin addiction by addressing symptoms arising during the detoxification and relapse, patient care to normalize physiological functions, and cure of co-occurring physical or mental disorders. (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a) Crisis intervention involves various interventions. In the case of non-fatal overdose, naloxone, which is a short-acting opioid-antagonist is recognized as effective in the treatment of respiratory depression and even coma in the case of patients experiencing heroin overdose (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003b).Administration of naloxene can be made through intravenous or subcutaneous routes since studies show no significant d ifferent in results (Clarke, 2001). This supports peer administration of naloxene for heroin addicts in preventing fatal overdose (Lenton & Hargreaves, 2000). With regard to fatal overdose, cardiopulmonary resuscitation also helps as an intervention to prevent fatal overdose (Dietze et al. , 2002).However, an effective preventive treatment for fatal overdose is opioid-assisted interventions such as the maintenance of buprenorphine or methadone intake (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003b). Cure of heroin addiction involves the initial phase of detoxification that involves withdrawal from the use of heroin and the latter phase of relapse prevention that covers the maintenance of abstinence from heroin. During detoxification, methadone and buprenorphine are the primary pharmacological treatment. Methadone is an orally administered drug while buprenorphine is a sublingually administered drug.A review of studies show that both methadone and buprenorphine offers detoxification treatment benefi ts but the preference of some studies for methadone is its effectiveness while the preference for buprehorphine is its safety. Currently, there are no patient characteristic standards to determine the choice of medication so that factors such as availability, cost and convenience in administration apply in determining choice of treatment (Bigelow, 2005) Apart from these two medications, a2-adrenergic agonists, clonidine or lofexidine, could also support detoxification.Preference weighs in favor or lofexedine because of the lesser occurrence of hypotension so that this becomes a fitting substitute for methadone when this is not available in the prison context (Howells et al. , 2002). Moreover, increasing the period of detoxification is made through naloxone and/or naltrexone administered without anaesthesia or with heavy or full anaesthesia. Combining naloxone and/or naltrexone with a2-adrenergic agonists would improve and speed-up the detoxification process especially when nearing t he maintenance phase.There are withdrawal episodes but these are easier to resolve when occurring in the combined treatment than in the use of a2-adrenergic agonists alone. (Kosten & O’Connor, 2003) Administration of clonidine with naltrexone, followed by buprenorphine after stabilization has been found to lead to lesser withdrawal symptoms in patients (O’Connor et al. , 1997). In the case of anesthesia, the combination of anesthetics with drugs remains experimental with some studies finding no significant impact of anesthetics on detoxification (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a).In relapse prevention, the existing treatment uses opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone. However, effectiveness found little evidence from studies because most patients often withdraw from treatment after the withdrawal phase (Kirchmayer et al. , 2002). This means that naltrexone may be effective as treatment in preventing relapse in people committed to continue treatment until complete withdr awal. Naltrexone has also been found to lead to lesser withdrawal effects on pregnant women when compared to methadone (Hulse & O’Neill, 2002).There are also other issues arising in the use of naltrexone such as the possibility of inducing depression together with the possibility of overdose upon the discontinuation of this drug treatment (Ritter, 2002). This means the need to inform or warn patients regarding these issues. A developing treatment to prevent relapse are vaccines designed to raise antibodies that stop certain addictive substances such as heroin from penetrating blood-brain barrier and prevent relapse during the phase of abstinence (Bunce, 2005). However, this remains in the experimental stage.In patient care, the purpose is to stabilize the condition of the patient and reduce harm. Patient care could involve maintenance programs assisted by opiods such as methadone or buprenorphine, needle exchange programs, and user rooms. Opioids support treatment when admini stered in the right dosage and increasing the dosage of opioids could entail better effects (Johnson et al. , 2002) so that together with the provision of psychosocial support, such as counseling, therapy and community programs, effectiveness is ensured together with a lower right of premature withdrawal from the treatment program (Preston, Umbricht, & Epstein, 2000).In addition, prescription and supervision over the drug treatment have been found to increase the retention of patients for the completion of the treatment program (Ferri, Davoli, & Perucci, 2003). Integrating psychosocial support and supervision with the appropriate combination of drugs and drug dosage constitutes sound patient care for heroin addiction. In the cure of co-occurring physical and mental disorder depends on the condition of the patient. Conditions that can co-occur with heroin addiction are depression, HIV/ AIDS or psychosis.Again, in this area, a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial support in terventions is necessary to provide a complete treatment for heroin addiction. The consideration of the effectiveness of drugs, reaction with other drugs, and safety of the combined intake of different drugs together with the physical and mental impacts of the combined treatment deserve consideration in the determination of the particular treatment for heroin addiction of individual patients. (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a)
Friday, August 16, 2019
Internet Marketing
1. What makes marketing on the Internet different from other forms of direct marketing media? The Internet is an interactive marketing medium for direct marketers offering information access and two-way communication with customers in real time via the computer. Interactivity is what makes marketing on the Internet different from other forms of direct marketing media. 2. What are some advantages of interactive media? i) Wide reach-The internet reaches a worldwide audience of millions of consumers and enables small companies and entrepreneurs to be transformed into global entities instantaneously. i) Convenience-The Internet is almost like a global trade show that is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and any time of the day or night. iii) Low cost- Direct marketers pay for the Internet based on local phone access, not on how widely they distribute their message. iv) Flexibility- he Internet offers great flexibility and permits changes in offers and direct response communications ins tantly, instead of waiting until the next printed catalog is published to change prices or other features. 3. Explain the evolution of e-business. Stage 1:Brochureware- In this stage, organizations began to use the Internet as a bulletin board for brochures, employee telephone directories, and over time for more critical documents such as catalogs and price lists. Stage 2:Customer Interactivity-This next phase is when companies created an interactive dialogue with their customers, encouraging them to inquire, request, register, and online. Stage 3:Transaction Enabler- In this stage, companies began using the Internet to expand transaction. selling products, procuring supplies , enabling internal processes) Stage 4:One-to-one Relationships- This is when the Internet began to be used to create customized silors of interactivity. Because web technology allows companies to deal with customers on a one-to-one basis, product pricing became fluid, dictated by individual customers, often in an auction process. Stage 5:Real-Time organizations-Zero latency organizations are able to plan, execute, a nd aggregate buyers and sellers in a virtual arena. These companies understand customer needs and deliver value in real-time. Stage 6: Communities of Interests( COINS)- The Internet helps companies create communities of common interests that closely link various partners in a value chain. Example, eBay where consumers who possess common needs or interests can competitively bid on a given product. 4. What are the requirements of interactive media? i) Consumers must be able to control when they view the products and which types of products they are viewing. i) Consumers must be able to control the pace at which they review products. iii) Consumers must able to place an order or request additional information directly via the medium rather than having to order through another method. 5. How has technology changed marketing research? Technology has made marketing information readily available, easy to access, current and relevant marketing activity. Much of the information available online, such as government reports, is free of charge, w hich enables marketers of any size to access and obtain this valuable market data. The main cost involved in conducting online market research is the human resource costs, because it requires manpower to surf the Web and identify and download relevant information. 6. What are four of the many strategies to maximize â€Å"click-through†rates? i) Ask for the click-through action- The easiest way to increase click-through is to simply ask for it. ii) Animate a banner advertisement- Animation increase the likelihood that the advertisement will draw the user’s attention and also generates more clicks than static banners, all else being equal. ii) Involve the audience- Engage the viewers to allow them to personalize advertising to their needs. Involving the viewer allows the advertiser to get to know them better, one of the primary goals of direct marketing. iv) Change creative messages frequently- The nature of the Internet means that responses occur quickly, on the first few impressions. 7. Discuss some of the strategies companies use to increase Web site traffic. i) Ask and you shall receive. Ask visitors to bookmark the web site. i) Offer a chat room or provide a bulletin board to open communication among consumers and give them a reason to come back. iii) Create an e-business card that accompanies each e-mail message. Be sure to include the URL in hyperlink format. 8. Identify and explain the three different types of search engine marketing. i) paid placement- Sometimes referred to as †pay-per-click†(PPC) or â€Å"cost-per-click†(CPC) paid placement advertising uses text ads targeted to keyword search results on search engines through programs such as Google AdWords and Yahoo. i) paid inclusion- paid inclusion entails the practice of paying a fee to search engine and similar types of sites such as directories or shopping comparison sites, so that a given web site or web pages may be included in the service's directory, although not necessaril y in exchange for a particular position in search engine listings. iii) Organic search engine optimization- This form of optimization includes the use of a variety of techniques to improve how well a site or page gets listed in search engines for particular search topics. 9. Name some of the characteristics that make a blog an effective tool for marketers. Provide an example of a blog that you think is especially creative. Characteristics that make a blog an effective tool for marketers i) Keep It Simple-Don't get caught up in the length of your posts. They don't have to be long. They can be random thoughts or tidbits of news regarding your industry. The key is to make them interesting. ii) Fast-loading pages: A page should load in 20 seconds or less via dial-up; at more than that, you'll lose more than half of your potential visitors. ii) Quality photography: A simple way to increase visual appeal is to use high quality photography. High quality product images are especially important for online retailers. An example, Twitter is the fastest growing network with more than a 40% increase in active users over the last 9 months , Facebook continues to grow with more than a 37% increase in active users from 2012 to 2013 and Google is not far behind in growth with 35% growth in 9 months. 10. What are some positive and negative characteristics of mobile marketing? Positive characteristics of mobile marketing : ) Personalization: Marketers can personalize text messages based on the consumers’ local time, location, and preferences e. g. , directions to the nearest vegetarian restaurant open at the time of request. ii) Location: Mobile phones amplify two key arguments for electronic commerce, location independence and ubiquity. Consumers increasingly expect tailored and location-based services, thereby underlining the importance of personalized mobile marketing. Negative characteristics of mobile marketing: i) Mobile is hot. Mobile’s high penetration and usage means there’s a lot of clutter and competition. Internet Marketing The effectiveness of social media advertising by means of using Facebook by Practical 2 presented to the Cape Peninsula University of Technology in Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the subject of Advertising and Sale Promotions of the National Diploma: Marketing in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Lecturer: Campus: Cape Town Due date: Declaration I, Tom Brown (210000007), declare that the contents of this assignment represent my own unaided work, and that the assignment has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification.Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. SignedDate Table of Contents Declarationii 1. Social media advertising effectiveness†¦ (full title)1 1. 1Internet usage in SA 1 1. 2Social media 1 1. 3Instant messaging (social networks for Facebook) 1 1. 4Facebook 1 1. 5Advertising/marketing communications on Faceboo k 1 1. 6Current research on Facebook 1 1. 7Generation Z 1 1. 8Hierarchy response models 1 Reference list2 Appendices Appendix A: Safe Assign report 3Appendix B: Integrating multimedia semantic content analysis of MXit 4 Appendix C: The talk uploaded: MXit and the technicity of the body 5 Appendix D: Fat stigmatization on MXit: A content analysis 6 Appendix E: Flaming on MXit 7 Appendix F: MXit, Critical Pedagogy, and Media Activism 8 Appendix G: MXit as a source of information 9 Appendix H: MXit: an opportunity for consumer narrative analysis 10 Appendix: I: Advertising Effectiveness and marketing Potential on MXit 11 Appendix J: Predicting the Determinants of Users’ Intentions for using MXit 12 Appendix K: Social Interaction with MXit 13 1.The effectiveness of social media advertising by means of using Facebook 1. 1Internet usage in SA A resent study has shown 6. 8% (6,800,000 people) of South Africans have access to the internet and 4,822,820 are Facebook users. ( www. inte rnetworldstats. com ). 39% of urban South Africans are using their mobile phones to access the internet. That is 20 million South Africans aged 16 and older. (Anonymous, 2011). 1. 2Social media Social media (also known as social networking) is the share of information and resources as a result in the communication by people, made possible by different online technology tools.This can be done by means of text, online video, blogs, images, podcasts, and other multimedia communication. (Doyle, n/d ) 1. 3Instant messaging (social networks for Facebook) Instant messaging is a feature of facebook that allows you to send or share information with your Facebook friends. The feature can be used at any time to communicate with other people on facebook. There is a bar on the right bottom corner of the screen where one can choose with whom one wants to connect and communicate with. (Reiss, 2010) 1. 4Facebook Facebook is the most popular Social network website on a global scale (www. cmag. com) and second most popular social media website in South Africa (The Mobility 2011 research project). Facebook is a free site that makes most of it’s revenue by means of advertising. The site was first used as a means for Harvard students to get acquainted , but in 2006 the sit became available to everyone who wanted to join. The site has over 500 million users. (http://www. pcmag. com) 1. 5Advertising/marketing communications on Facebook Facebook has a number of advantages and disadvantages to use for your business.Some of the focus Facebook can provide is on branding, customer engagement, reputation management, new customer acquisition, client retention, to drive web traffic to your website, the viral effect, a feedback mechanism, brand repositioning. (Jody, n/d) Because Facebook makes marketing fast and easy, it means that the company should keep up with marketing trends. â€Å"It can also act like a media to leverage your brand and get more authority so users can trust you. †( Anderson, n/d) 1. 6Current research on Facebook Companies or everyday users can collect data from facebook pages that they have created, through means of Facebook polls.The polls are a graphical illustration of the people who visit your page. It illustrates active page visits and users, showing their age, gender, geographic location, giving one the ability to strategically improve ones marketing mix and to identify the target audience. (facebook. com, n/d) 1. 7Generation Y In a resent study showed that the majority of the generation Y, in South Africa, prefer Facebook over other social media mediums. As a result Google lost a 50% of their market share to facebook, due to user choosing Facebook as a search engine over Google.Mxit is still more popular than Facebook, but lack the loyalty Facebook users. The study shows people spend five times more hours on Facebook than on Mxit. Further studies have shown that generation Y, when given a choice, will choose the Internet over magazines, cell phones over using the Internet and tertiary education over using their cell phones. (Saunders, n/d) 8. Hierarchy response models REFERENCE LIST Doyle, A. n. d. cial Media-Socia Media Definition. http://jobsearch. about. com/od/networking/g/socialmedia. htm [1April 2011]. Fakhar, K. 2009.Benefits of Marketing Through MXit. http://webupon. com/marketing/benefits-of-marketing-through-MXit/#ixzz1I4mh0DZG [30 March 2011]. Haridakis, P. & Hanson, G. 2009. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. Social Interaction and Co-Viewing with MXit: 317-318, March 30. Laco, A. 2010. History of MXit. http://www. articlealley. com/article_1482289_81. html? ktrack=kcplink [30 March 2011]. Smith, D. 2010. Five million now online as web access grows in South Africa. http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2010/jan/14/internet-five-million-south-africa [1April 2011]. Verna, P. 010. Pros and Cons for MXit’s Business in 2010. http://www. emarketer. com/blog/index. php/pros-cons-MXit-b usiness-2010/ [31 March 2011]. Ward, S. n. d. Social Media Definition. http://sbinfocanada. about. com/od/socialmedia/g/socialmedia. htm [30 March 2011]. Zawarski, Z. 2010. Happy 5th Birthday MXit. http://www. zadling. com/2010/05/happy-5th-birthday-MXit/ [31 March]. Appendix A: SafeAssign Report Appendix B: Integrating multimedia semantic content analysis of MXit Only attached the first page! Appendix C: The talk uploaded: MXit and the technicity of the body, etc, etc†¦
Thursday, August 15, 2019
The Impacts Of Invasive Alien Plants Environmental Sciences Essay
Chapter 1Research on the impacts of invasive foreigner workss ( IAP ) on biodiversity, ecosystem services and procedures have been good documented in the literature. Furthermore, the primary focal point of this research was the negative impacts associated with IAPs when there are some benefits associated with these workss. Limited research has besides addressed the issue of IAP impact on the supports and wellbeing of local land-users. Sing that limited resources are available to turn to the issue of IAP at big, quantification of stakeholder perceptual experience is needed to maximize IAP direction. Through this thesis, an probe into the spread and impacts of IAPs in the rural parts of the Agulhas Plain every bit good as the perceptual experiences, utilizations, costs and benefits associated with IAPs and the importance of these workss to the supports of the local communities was carried out. The intent of this research is to supply a better apprehension of the possible impacts of invasive works species on the supports of people. This local cognition can help research workers by supplying context specific information about impacts, which can so be used for future preservation actions.MotivationThe damaging effects of IAPs on ecosystems and biodiversity, ecosystem goods and services the economic system of human endeavors and human wellness have been good documented in the literature ( e.g. Ging et Al. 2004, Nel et Al. 2004, Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . Invasion by foreign species have been reported as a major menace to the biodiversity and operation of sensitive ecosystems ( Turpie et al. 2003, Richardson and Van Wilgen 2004, Van Wilgen et Al. 2008 ) . It has been shown that invasive species are really successful in viing for resources with native species and can modify fuel tonss by altering the sum of litter autumn ( Behenna et al. 2008 ) . Invasive foreigner workss are besides capable of changing the natural food fluxs by switching the N content due to alterations in the litter autumn ( Behenna et al. 2008 ) . Dense stands of acacias along the rivers in the Western Cape replace and except native fynbos species ( Blanchard and Holmes 2008 ) . Invasive foreigner workss besides pose one of the greatest immediate menaces to flowered diverseness in the fynbos and have the ability gaining control huge sums of H2O ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) . In contrast, research researching the effects of IAPs on the supports of local, rural communities has received small attending ( McGarry et al. 2005, Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . Not all of the impacts exerted by IAPs are negative as these works species is a beginning of both costs and benefits ( Bardsley and Edward-Jones 2006 ) . Assorted workss have been introduced to South Africa for a assortment of intents ( Van Wilgen et Al. 2001 ) . These include species intrudes for harvest production, lumber and firewood, garden ornamentals, for dune stabilization and hedge workss ( Van Wilgen et Al. 2001 ) . Several of these have become established and some of the established species are now invasive ( Van Wilgen et Al. 2001 ) . Costss are experienced when these invasive species impede the operation of societal and ecological systems ( Bardsley and Edward-Jones 2006 ) . Benefits, on the other manus, are experienced when the same traits ( such as robustness and high fruitfulness ) that lead to these species going invasives, contribute to their utility ( Bardsley and Edward-Jones 2006 ) . Rural communities are exposed to IAPs in different ways ( Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . The result is that that these communities have to weigh up the tradeoffs between the possible positive benefits of IAPs as a natural resource and the negative impacts exercised by these species on ecosystem goods and services and in bend on human support ( Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . It is by and large accepted that the negative effects of IAPs on ecosystem goods and services are transferred straight to human wellbeing ( Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . This has been proven otherwise by research workers such as de Neergaard and others ( 2005 ) , Shackleton and others ( 2007 ) and Kull and others ( 2011 ) who illustrated that IAPs can be integrated significantly by local communities in their life styles as either a beginning of tannic acids and lumber, for firewood, constructing stuff, every bit good as for medicative extractions and fiscal income by selling of firewood. Working for Water ( WfW ) , an IAP obliteration programme, was launced in 1995 with the purpose of reconstructing natural capital by commanding occupying species and enhance H2O security ( Van Wilgen et Al. 1998 ) . Simultaneously, the programme aims to relieve poorness by supplying employment to underprivileged communities ( Van Wilgen et Al. 1998 ) . To day of the month, the WfW programme has developed into one of the biggest preservation undertakings in Africa with respect to manpower, costs and impact ( Ndhlovu 2011 ) . Immense sponsorships have contributed towards extended countries being cleared and a big Numberss of persons being employed ( Binns et al. 2001, Turpie et Al. 2008 ) . Conversely, the socio-economic benefits of the WfW programme have non been entirely assessed regardless of the programmes extended activities and significant sponsorships associated with it ( Turpie et al. 2008 ) . Additionally, the usage of these workss by rural communities is non good understood and rarely integrated into obliteration programmes as stated below: The deficiency of information on the socio-economic impacts of IAS has been singled out as a major barrier to the execution of comprehensive national IAS direction programmes and as one of the chief grounds for the failure of IAS issues to have conspicuously in the mainstream docket of most states ( Peter, 2009 ) . Quantification of stakeholder perceptual experience on the impacts of IAPs is indispensable in order authorize an statement for the control and direction of invasive works species ( Peter, 2009 ) . Though it is critical to understand anthropogenetic impacts on landscapes and ecosystems through ecological cognition of invasive species, an improved apprehension of the societal procedures is besides required to inform both species direction and preservation policy ( Peter 2009 ) . There is a deficit of information sing the socio-economic impact of foreign species soon found in South Africa. Even in good studied countries such as the Cape Floristic Region, the scope of the impact of invasive workss is ill understood. Additionally, limited research has besides been done with respect to the socio-economic impacts of foreign obliteration programmes in the Western Cape. Consequently, there is a demand for comprehensive research that investigates the holistic impacts ( both negative and positive ) of IAPs on the supports and wellbeing of local communities.Goals and AimsSing the above, the aim of this survey was to measure the effects and impacts of IAP infestation on human wellbeing, with the focal point on the effects of IAPs on the supports of rural land users in the Western Cape, South Africa. The chief research inquiry that directs the survey is as follow: What are the impacts of invasive foreigner workss on the supports of rural land users? This research inquir y was broken down into seven cardinal inquiries. These cardinal inquiries were adapted from the literature ( see McGarry et Al. 2005 ) .Cardinal QuestionsWhat is the significance of the natural environment to the community? What are people ‘s attitudes towards and perceptual experiences of IAPs? How of import are IAPs for human wellbeing and supports? Are the IAPs used for nutriment, for domestic demands, etc. ? Are IAPs sold to supply an income? Does the local community perceive IAPs as holding a positive or negative impact on spiritualty, civilization and/or aesthetics? How make IAPs in the country affect the supply of ( other ) ecosystem goods and services which are of import to people ‘s supports? What are people ‘s attitudes towards IAP direction? What are the impacts of IAP obliteration programmes on supports? What is the impact of IAP distribution on land-use patterns? What are the long-run and short-run additions and losingss for human wellbeing and support as a consequence of IAP impact? The survey site is extremely dependent on countries where rural communities are still extremely reliant on bring forthing an income from the land. Additionally, the survey site must besides follow with the usage of IAPs by the local community and in the same light IAPs must be potentially regarded as a job by the local community. The Agulhas Plain, situated within the Cape Floristic Region ( CFR ) , has been selected as the focal point country for this survey as it meets the above mentioned standards.Study countryThe Agulhas Plain ( AP ) is located within the CFR which is internationally known as a planetary biodiversity hot spot ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) . The CFR, known for its Mediterranean type clime, is the most floristically rich of the seven diverse biomes allocated in South Africa with an estimated 9600 works species of which 70 % are endemic ( Richardson and Sekhran 2009 ) . The AP, consisting an country of 270A 000 hour angle, is located at the southern-most tip of South Africa and is a species-rich country known for its fire-prone coastal lowland fynbos and infertile dirts ( Richardson and Sekhran 2009, Treurnicht 2010 ) . It is internationally recognised as a â€Å" Centre for indigenousness †( Treurnicht 2010 ) . This country is nevertheless progressively threatened by habitat transmutation and foreigner works invasion ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) , the latter being the focal point of this survey. Fynbos wild flower agriculture and harvest home, peculiarly from natural flora, forms an built-in portion of this country ‘s economic activity and contributes vastly to this part ‘s agricultural sector ( Treurnicht 2010 ) . This has been shown Turpie and others ( 2003 ) who stated that natural fynbos flora are estimated to be accountable for 57.6 % of the CFR ‘s turnover, which were equal to R90.5 million in the twelvemonth 2000. The Agulhas Plain is practically responsible for the largest portion of this turnover ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) .Study restrictionsIt was non possible to make a systematic and thorough research in all the countries on the Agulhas Plain were IAP infestation occurs due to the clip restriction of this survey. It was therefore decided to make a elaborate and comprehens ive micro focal point i.e. instance survey on the socio-economic impacts of invasive foreigner workss and to garner every bit much consistent information as possible by agencies of interviews. Elim and the environing agrarian communities were consequently selected as the survey group.Study site choiceElim and the environing agrarian communities were chosen as the best suited survey site harmonizing to the undermentioned grounds: It was established during the visits prior and during the pilot survey that this rural colony and its neighbouring farms still relies on woody IAPs as either a primary or a auxiliary beginning of energy. It was noted during field visits that the countries surround the colony every bit good as the neighbouring farms are invaded to a significant grade. There has been active foreign obliteration programmes in the country since 1998 i.e. Working for Water every bit good as LandCare under the sections of Water Affairs and Agriculture severally.Thesis lineationChapter 1 – IntroductionChapter 2 – Literature ReappraisalChapter 3 – Methods, Results and DiscussionChapter 4 – Deductions for direction and policies
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