Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay

The Financing of Health Care Economic Issues Simulation Paper Health care framework has developed immensely over the most recent couple of years, with numerous progressions with the social insurance laws including however not constrained to Universal Health Care, numerous people have options with regards to their inclusion. As per social insurance. gov, in January of 2015, a business with at least 50 full time workers should make an Employer Shared Responsibility Payment if a full time representative gets a lower wellbeing inclusion premium expense if protection is buy in a commercial center. Be that as it may, bosses are not dependent upon this law if the quantities of workers are lesser than 50 yet are as yet expected to offer inclusion for their representatives. (medicinal services. gov) Employers must ensure that while picking inclusion for their workers, these ought to be inside their needs; inside social insurance prerequisites just as cheap remembering that lower cost may not really mean better. With numerous assortments in social insurance plans, for example, Preferred Provider (PPO), Point of Service (POS), and Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO); the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is the most liked and used gathering medical coverage plan. As a HMO illustrative of Castor Insurance, social insurance inclusion will be fabricated, including the likely use of the administrations by various enrollees. Castor Collins Health Plan Castro Collins Health Plan is a local HMO that was established in 1999. As a HMO, they give social insurance benefits just as medical coverage to people in its statewide system of doctors and clinics using a capitation model to remunerate their system of suppliers. Right now, there are 100,000 enrollees and these numbers are expanding. The obligation of a Vice President in Strategy and Financial Planning is to collaborate with new customers and defining wellbeing plans that will suit their requirements. With the assistance of associates, for example, the Chief Financial Officer Helen Fouerman, the Chief Medical Officer Jonathan Wikes, and the Executive Vice President of Planning and Development, Adam Hunter, an arrangement will be assembled that will incorporate evaluating and setting protection premiums. In January of 2006, Castro Collins was drawn nearer and met with two gatherings of individuals for medical coverage inclusion. These gatherings are Constructit and E-editors, neither of them have bunch employer’s protection. Constructit have 1000 individuals and they are happy to pay a limit of $4000 per individual as a yearly premium, in the mean time E-editors will pay a greatest yearly premium of $4500 per individual with 1,600 individuals. Castor Collins offers three kinds of wellbeing plans: Castor Standard, Castor Enhanced, and the tweaked arrangement called Castor Enhanced Minor. The standard arrangement doesn't cover prior ailments, the improved arrangement, be that as it may, spread previous ailments and offers more administrations. Castor Enhanced Minor is a modified arrangement that is practically comparable to Castor Enhanced with fairly lesser administrations that requires high use. Demographicsâ and Health Care Risk Factors There are 550 men and 450 ladies representatives in Constructit with ages 26 to 45 and 60 percent from this age bunch running from 26 to 42 are hitched. This implies, mates and kids should be considered in getting wellbeing plan. Likewise, incredible physical exercises are include inside thirty-two percent of the individuals at Constructit, while 25 percent of the individuals has moderate physical action. The rest of is 43 percent of the individuals includes exercises that are stationary. There are no significant wellbeing dangers out of the thirty-eight percent a likeness 170 men and 210 ladies in the workforce. Wounds, respiratory framework ailments, stomach related clutters, headache and unfavorably susceptible conditions are the significant reasons for non-appearance in Constructit. Corpulence related ailments, for example, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular ailments are reasonably high for this workforce that comprises of 36 percent of men and 43 percent of ladies. In E-editors, there are 750 men and 840 ladies with ages 35 to 54 and the majority of them are hitched. For as far back as ten years, ninety-five percent in the workforce have to a great extent been stationary; their activity includes sitting before the PC for significant stretches of time. Just five percent are required moderate action. Stress related injury (SRI) and issues with vision were gained by at any rate 95 individuals who had this activity for some time. There are no significant clinical wellbeing dangers for the 170 men and 182 ladies (22%) from this gathering. Respiratory turmoil is the 26 percent of the gathering issue since they are overwhelming smokers. There are 720 individuals who are corpulent in this gathering on account of the substantial inactive ways of life, dietary patterns, and absence of activity. This additionally implies there are expanded danger of diabetes, hypertension, elevated cholesterol and cardiovascular sicknesses. Plan Analysis Based on the plans, I would prescribe Castor Standard to Constructit and not to give protection to E-editors. Since Castor Standard doesn't cover previous conditions, the dangers of giving this arrangement are low. The exceptional that Constructit will be capable yearly is $3,428, with Castor Collins Health Plan gaining $3. 43 million. Given the wellbeing profile and the normal usage of administrations for E-editors, I feel that not giving protection is the correct choice. There is a high danger of guaranteeing this gathering and whatever Castor Collins procures from this gathering are deficient to cover those dangers. The objective is to expand profit. On the off chance that E-editors are happy to pay an alternate premium they will be considered by giving a suitable arrangement that limited dangers and expanded profit. Hazard disinclined shoppers purchase medical coverage to abstain from losing salary or riches when they are unwell. At the end of the day, buyers pay protection premium to move their dangers of clinical costs to the insurance agency. The exceptional that Castor Collins gets is a wellspring of income. It is remuneration for bearing danger and for bearing costs, for example, installment to social insurance suppliers. In the event that Castor Collins realize that a specific gathering of enrollees is increasingly helpless to a specific issue, its hazard for giving inclusion to that turmoil is higher. In any case, if, as on account of Constructit and E-editors, a gathering of people isn't eager to pay a higher premium to cover more serious dangers, Castor Collins will most likely be unable to give inclusion to more serious dangers. In this manner, while choosing an arrangement and the administrations to give under that arrangement, Castor Collins needs to weigh different contemplations †the premiums that enrollees are eager to pay, the dangers of giving a specific arrangement or administration, the normal usage and consequently, the expenses, of giving variousâ services in the arrangement, and the top notch Castor Collins needs to charge to look after gainfulness.

Integration of Evidence-Based Practice Into Professional Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

Mix of Evidence-Based Practice Into Professional Nursing Practice Essay In this paper we will talk about the joining of proof based practice into proficient nursing practice. Scott McSherry (2008) characterize proof based practice as the mix of individual, clinical, or proficient aptitude with the best accessible outside proof to deliver practice that is destined to prompt positive results for a patient. Regardless of writing encompassing what proof based nursing is and isn’t, attendants battle to get proof into training. Numerous reasons have been accounted for including an absence of comprehension about proof based nursing implies. Scott McSherry (2008) likewise characterize proof based nursing is a procedure by which medical attendants settle on clinical choices utilizing the best accessible research proof, their clinical mastery and patient results. We will likewise talk about nursing’s concurrent dependence on and scrutinize of EBP with regards to basic thinking. There will likewise be conversation of an investigation done that inspected the impacts of coordinating proof based practice into clinical practicum among RN-BSN understudies and the confinements of proof based practice and a substitute perspective on dynamic. In conclusion we will talk about proof that challenges the customary work on with respect to infusion destinations (Cocoman Murray 2010). As indicated by Guem et al. (2010) confirm based practice is a critical thinking way to deal with clinical consideration that consolidates the cognizant us of the present best accessible proof, a clinician’s mastery, and the patient qualities. Proof for proof based practice doesn't generally depend on inquire about discoveries. Sources utilized can incorporate research discoveries, clinical experience, quality improvement information, legitimate thinking, perceived position, and customer fulfillment, circumstance, experience, and worth (Leddy Pepper 2008 p. 66). On the opposite proof based nursing is basic due to its capability to set aside time and cash and improve quiet results by diminishing expenses, through normalizing and smoothing out costs (Scott McSherry 2008). It is significant o comprehend the distinction between proof based practice and proof based nursing on the grounds that now and again they are utilized reciprocally. Scott McSherry (2008) express that the nursing practice has invited EBP however with regards to EBN, it is still yet to come reality on the grounds that the idea is a lot of unsophisticated and can prompt issues related with its utilization and abuse. EBN is just a develop and presently can't seem to be effectively actualized (Scott McSherry 2008). Generally the problem with EBN is that we don’t truly know the meaning of nursing. Despite the fact that there are issues with the definition we realize that clinical judgment is one of the significant ideas utilized in nursing subsequently it strengthens the thought of EBP and at last EBP. To propel the calling and guarantee strong gauges of training, we should look past proof based practice, while valuable in usage it is only one of numerous other segment parts (Jutel 2008). Proof based practice the latest trend dark in nursing practice and as of now possesses an unmistakable position, a few universal nursing associations bolster its utilization as a vital activity in the headway of the calling. In spite of the accentuation on EBP, there is additionally a solid resistance to it, not with the genuine utilization of EBP being an issue however with the essentials on which it stands. These contentions grumble of the veracity of the standards utilized in EBP which at the same time subverts and can't bolster EBP (Jutel 2008). In the event that it had not been for the social turn which perceived that things are not generally as they appear or that force, society, and culture contribute as much as science to creating information, the discussion about EBP would have never surfaced (Jutel 2008). Despite the fact that medical attendants contend against EBP, they need significant instruments important to supplant EBP. â€Å"Nursing training places high an incentive on power and adherence to clinical conventions, as opposed to on skills† (Jutel, 2008. P. 419). Adversaries of EBP proposes that advancement of clinical practice rules, basic consideration pathways, and conventions may really meddle and lure specialists to grow fairly a cookbook formula demeanor to customer care (Leddy Pepper 2010). With quality improvement being established in modern creation, maybe normalization may not be as alluring on the grounds that patients have special needs and attributes the might be disregarded when sticking to severe clinical practice rules. Nursing receives a dedicated and to some degree credulous trust while surveying data, we rush to acknowledge the facts of a friend inspected article, sedate organization publicity, and speedy to acknowledge a contention on irregularities of EBP. The apparatuses EBP cases to possess, are extraordinarily valuable, nonetheless, are not instruments of EBP; they are basic aptitudes of data evaluation. As proof based practice quickly replaces the customary worldview of medicinal services dynamic, human services individuals have a commitment to get to information, apply it practically speaking, and lead others to utilize it properly (Geum et al. 010 p. 387). For instance RN-BSN programs; these are grown-up understudies who have clinical information and ability, organized foundation and instructive readiness and work understanding yet have not taken a proper research course, in this way they demonstrate less certainty to incorporate proof based practice in their practices in light of the fact that these are courses that are not normal outside a baccalaureate educational program. To look at the adequacy of the reconciliation of EBP into a clinical practicum an examination was done among Korean RN-BSN understudies. The fundamental objectives were to improve students’ abilities for EBP information aptitudes and mentalities and to open understudies to circumstances that would empower the utilization of best proof (Geum et al. 2008). Every understudy was told to characterize patients nursing issues for their exclusively alloted understanding and to plan nursing issues utilizing the EBP question design, PICO, which we examined prior in the semester, to choose the nursing intercession for the issues presented. Before the EBP practicum, the by and large and individual scores for EBP viability among RN-BSN understudies demonstrated that understudies were â€Å"a little confident† with respect to the EBP procedure (Geum et al. 2008, p. 389). Consequences of this investigation demonstrate that reconciliation of EBP into a RN-BSN clinical practicum positively affected EBP viability and diminished boundaries to examine use among understudies in Korea, which likewise supports with considers directed in different nations. Proof based practice is a scholarly arrangement of aptitudes in this manner basic reasoning is crucial in creating proof based nursing practice (Geum et al. 2008). In any case if the proof on entanglements, nurture in clinical settings despite everything proceed to utilize and train nursing understudies on the utilization of dorsogluteal infusion destinations as the site of decision for intramuscular infusions (Cocoman Murray 2010). All in all, where should an intramuscular (IM) infusion be given? Attendants have customarily utilized the dorsogluteal, however late writing has upheld the ventrogluteal site. Picking locales has involved individual inclination, as opposed to the aftereffects of proof based practice. Slow take-up of meds, significant nerves and veins present make this site hazardous. A British report proposes â€Å"as past investigations have demonstrated the low viability of gluteal intramuscular infusions, this course ought to be stayed away from for most drugs† (Cocoman Murray, 2010. P. 1171). As the sciatic nerve lies just a couple of centimeters from the infusion site, wounds represent a critical danger, making the requirement for precisely distinguishing tourist spots particularly significant. An elective site is the ventrogluteal, seen by numerous individuals as the favored site. This site gives the best thickness of gluteal muscle and is liberated from infiltrating nerves and veins (Cocoman Murray 2010). Notwithstanding proof preferring the ventrogluteal site, medical caretakers are delayed to utilize it, depending on the much educated and utilized dorsogluteal site. â€Å"Studies show that solitary 12% of American nursing staff utilizes the ventrogluteal site† (Cocoman Murray 2010. P. 1172). Studies recommend that a few reasons the site isn't utilized is a direct result of nurses’ newness in finding the site and potential needle stick injury. Lamentably, medical attendants have not come to understand that when utilizing the V strategy, the non infusing hand is to be evacuated, as it’s just utilized for visual land checking (Cocoman Murray 2010). All through this paper we have examined the coordination of proof based practice into nursing from different articles. In the different articles the writers discussed proof based practice contrasted with proof based nursing, the incorporation of proof based practice in RN-BSN programs. We likewise talked about the article on a clinical model which recommended that the ventrogluteal intramuscular infusion site over the dorsogluteal site is favored with regards to positive patient results.

How Psychodynamic Therapy Can Help Treat PTSD

How Psychodynamic Therapy Can Help Treat PTSD PTSD Treatment Print Psychodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on September 29, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children ?MaskotOwner/Getty Images A number of treatments, including cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy, have been developed to help people recover from the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If youre seeking treatment for PTSD symptoms, its important to understand the difference between the two forms of therapy. Get the facts on both with this review. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapies for PTSD are based on the idea that problems arise as a result of the way people interpret or evaluate situations, thoughts, and feelings, as well as the problematic ways these evaluations cause people to act (for example, through avoidance). Examples of cognitive-behavioral therapies for PTSD are exposure therapy, stress-inoculation training, cognitive processing therapy, behavioral activation, and acceptance and commitment therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found to be successful in reducing the symptoms of PTSD. Get Help From the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychodynamic approaches to PTSD focus on a number of different factors that may influence or cause PTSD symptoms, such as early childhood experiences (particularly our level of attachment to our parents), current relationships and the things people do (often without being aware of it) to protect themselves from upsetting thoughts and feelings that are the result of experiencing a traumatic event (these things are called defense mechanisms). Unlike cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy places a large emphasis on the unconscious mind, where upsetting feelings, urges, and thoughts that are too painful for us to directly look at are housed. Even though these painful feelings, urges, and thoughts are outside of our awareness, they still influence our behavior. For example, they may lead you to avoid starting a relationship with someone, because the relationship could bring up some of these painful feelings. Therefore, just as with cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy also wants to bring about changes in behavior. It is just that the road it takes to get there is different. How Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Works Bringing about a change in symptoms or behavior requires getting in touch with and working through those painful unconscious feelings. To do this, the psychodynamic therapist will assist the patient in recognizing the defense mechanisms being used, what they are being used for (to avoid painful feelings in the unconscious mind stemming from a traumatic experience), and connecting with and appropriately releasing those feelings and thoughts that were previously being avoided. For example, over several sessions, a psychodynamic therapist may notice that a patient is denying the extent to which a traumatic event has impacted her life. Disavowal is a common defense mechanism that may be used to protect people from something that they dont have the ability to cope with. Likewise, a therapist may notice that a patient is expressing anger and putting blame on family members even though they havent done anything to deserve it. In this case, the therapist may interpret this behavior as a sign that the patient is actually upset with and blaming herself for the traumatic event. Since this anger and guilt is too difficult to cope with, it is expressed toward others. This defense mechanism is referred to as displacement. In both of these cases, the therapist would interpret the patients behavior and share this interpretation with the patient. The therapist and patient can begin to break down these unhealthy defense mechanisms and bring insight to the underlying problem. Through this insight, the patient can then begin to work through those painful feelings in a healthier and more appropriate manner. Studies on Effectiveness of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychodynamic psychotherapy for PTSD has not been studied as extensively as cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. Of the studies that have been conducted, though, it has been shown that psychodynamic psychotherapy can have a number of benefits. For example, studies of psychodynamic therapy for PTSD have shown that after therapy, people report improvement in their interpersonal relationships, fewer feelings of hostility and inadequacy, more confidence and assertiveness and reductions in PTSD symptoms and depression. Which Type of Therapy Should You Use? The answer to this question is really based on your personal preference. Both cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy can have benefits for someone with PTSD. Cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapists, however, take different approaches to the treatment of PTSD, and some people may prefer one approach to the other. Therapy is going to be the most effective if you buy into the approach and have a good relationship with your therapist. So it is important to shop around and find the best fit for you. You can find PTSD treatment providers in your area through UCompare HealthCare as well as the Anxiety Disorder Association of America. How Is PTSD Treated?

The Spanish Ballad, Or Romancero - 1346 Words

The spanish ballad, or romancero, is a form of poetry which, closely linked to the medieval epic, is passed down by word of mouth and open to interpretation by the performers and audience. The ballad â€Å"Romance de Moraima† (or yo me era mora Moraima) is a romancero fronterizo which is relatively brief, and follows the standard octosyllabic structure. The ballad contains the key feature of assonating units, yet does not strictly rhyme with one vowel, i.e. ‘a’ but varies between ‘a’, ‘o’, and a paragogic ‘e’. Moraima opens quite abruptly and dramatically, as is the fashion of the romancero. No time is spared in small details; instead the sensational tale begins immediately. Interestingly, the description is in the past- era- even though one would imagine that she is still the same person, which gives the impression that something drastic has changed. The first line lands with a punch. The bold statement of her name-  «yo me era mora Moraima « - identifies the protagonist and throws the listener in. The yo is emphatic, as is the last positioning of Moraima, and together they frame the line to deliver impact. There is strong alliteration and repetition of the ‘mo’ sound with Moraima, mora and morilla, all of which contribute to a compelling description, and draw attention to her islamic beliefs. The choice of the name Moraima, when juxtaposed with mora, emphasises her religious affiliation which would have been controversial at that time due to the Reconquista. This play o n

Internet Censorship Essays - 3790 Words

Internet Censorship There is a growing debate about censoring the internet. Some people think that the internet is protected under the first ammendment and cannot be censored. Others think that some of the material that is on the net needs to be filtered and regulated. The word censorship is defined as examining any material and prohibiting what is objectionable, according to Webster’s II dictionary. Censoring the internet is a violation of the first ammendment rights of every citizen in the United States. There are two general truths that some people feel are attitudes towards censoring the internet. The first is that very few people admit to favoring it. The second is that no matter who you are, in a matter of minutes†¦show more content†¦Many teachers try to teach their students responsibility. This can be done in many ways, one of which is through the internet policy in our schools. By not censoring the internet and trusting children to make the right decisions they can get a boost of self-esteem that so many children need these days (Nellen 53). The filtering devices can obstruct a teacher in their quest to teach their students. For example, Ted Nellen wanted to use to obtain some information on the AIDS virus to help him teach his class. He tried to get information of the internet at the school he teaches at and found that to be impossible because the filtering devices that were installed worked (Nellen 53). Another question that needs to be asked is who are the people that are determining whether a site should be filtered or not? Just because they find something offensive does not mean that there is not some one out there who would find the site unoffensive. These people can filter what is put on the internet, so what is stopping them from doing this sort of thing in other areas of American culture. Filtering the internet is not the answer to the problem. Children and adults should be educated on what is right and wrong on the internet and not treated like they are criminals (Nellen 53). The software that is available for the purpose of internet filtering and blocking has been able to block out certain web sites, butShow MoreRelatedCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital Millennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began to censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppression of freedom of the press, hindering freedom of speech, and reduce the plethora of information on the internet. If AmericaRead MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet941 Words   |  4 Pages More than two decades ago, the Internet was yet to be ubiquitous in the homes of the general public around the world. Today, global users of the Internet has surpassed the 3 billion mark, or approximately 45% of the world population, a trend that is not likely to slow down anytime soon (World Internet Users Statistics and 2015 World Population Stats, 2014). The idealistic vision of self-governance of the Internet has proved to be insufficient and threats to the Internet’s core principles areRead MoreThe Internet and Censorship940 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is a diverse pool of information that anyone nowadays can have access to. One of the more controversial topics that involves the internet, is the censorship of the internet. Internet censorship can be defined as the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published or viewed on the internet. It’s been hot topic in recent years because many government organizations have been trying to pass many reforms to help push the censorship of the internet, either directly or indirectlyRead More Internet Censorship Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has heard of the Internet and how it is going to help set the world free. The Internet is the fastest growing form of communication and is becoming more and more common in the home. Companies these days do big business over the Internet, and online shopping has grown tremendously in the last few years. For instance, the online auction site eBay sells millions of items every year online. Many companies are making even more plans to expand their business to the Internet. Unfortunately, there haveRead MoreInternet Censorship1799 Words   |  8 PagesTechnologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without theRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship of the Internet is on the rise in highly populated states today. Although the Internet is considered as one of the most significant tools for the public sphere, many users have decried the Internet’s benefits and seen the Internet as a ‘double-edged sword’. Even as the Internet connects most of the world and gives valuable access to information, the same tool allows access to material that may be considered dangerous or harmfu l. The recent increase in discussion on the act of censorshipRead MoreThe Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words   |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead More Internet Censorship Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Censorship The freedom of speech that was possible on the Internet could now be subjected to governmental approvals. For example, China is attempting to restrict political expression, in the name of security and social stability. It requires users of the Internet and electronic mail (e-mail) to register, so that it may monitor their activities. In the United Kingdom, state secrets and personal attacks are off limits on the Internet. Laws are strict and the government is extremely interestedRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Presently, it seems that the Internet is playing a very important role in everyones daily life. This multipurpose network has many different functions useful for everyday work and entertainment. Due to the freedom of the Internet various debates and protests have come to disagree with its open form of communication. Because of the misuse of the internet many people believe that there should be some kind of internet censorship, while others are against internet censorshipRead More Censorship and the Internet Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation available on the internet many people believe that some of this information should be censored by the United States Government. Whos to say what should be accessible and what should not? Where does it start and stop? Does internet censorship make a nation a safer place to live? There are many countries that don’t allow the use of the internet at all and some countries only censor what they don’t want their citizens to know. Daniel Calingaert said â€Å"The internet has provided greater space

Position Paper Ap Government Free Essays

Luke sawyer 12th grade 11/8/12 AP government Position paper I believe that Barack Obama is the most qualified candidate to run for the president of the United Sates of America. I believe that his plan of moving forward will indeed move us forward. Obama has interesting views that I agree with, and you should consider them, as did I. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Paper Ap Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first issue is innovation, more jobs and reviving manufacturing and the auto industry. Since Obama became president both manufacturing and the auto industry have had a total of 1. 5 million new jobs. The second issue is taxes. Taxes are necessary, but no one wants them. Obama plans to cut taxes for every American worker and provide small tax cuts for small businesses. He is also asking the overly wealthy Americans to pay a little bit more in order to pay away our debt. A third issue is to end the war, and bring back our troops from Afghanistan. Obama plans to end the war by 2014 and use half the money that would be spent on the war, and use it for roads, bridges, runways and schools and the other half on paying the deficit. The next issue is energy, which is a big issue now that fossil fuels are running low. Obama plans to put aside oil companies and start investing in cleaner sources, to become a global leader in clean energy. Obama plans to protect our climate by taking steps into cleaner energy including oil, gas, clean coal, wind, solar, biofuels, and nuclear energy. Also creating jobs and businesses, while improving the environment and national security. With schools advancing and new knowledge being obtained, Obama plans to make college more affordable. He plans on doing this by cutting the tuition fee in half. He also plans to establish a college tax credit for the students and families worth up to 10,000 dollars over for years of college. He also plans to enforce the state and local government to improve the quality of teachers, while giving the local and state governments resources to reward and attract better teachers. Obama also plans to recruit 100,000 math and science teachers so we can out-compete countries in fields like science, technology, engineering, and math. Lastly, Obamas health care plan strengthens Medicare for the seniors, and it helps young people get the health insurance they need. The Affordable Care Act is helping people with Medicare save on the care they need to stay healthy. Obama plans to lower the costs on prescription drugs, and monthly premiums. Obama is also putting an end to health insurance company’s charging women more than men for the same coverage. Sources: http://www. barackobama. com/plans/ http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-250_162-57538698/what-are-obamas-and-romneys-plans-for-the-next-four-years/ http://www. businessinsider. com/obamas-plan-second-term-economy-jobs-election-2012-10? op=1 How to cite Position Paper Ap Government, Essay examples

Strategic Marketing Methods

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Marketing Methods. Answer: Introduction Marketing management in business today is faced with the challenge of changing trends in business practices and the development and use of technology has helped organizations in coming up with techniques and methods for marketing. In order to market products, organizations have to analyze consumer behavior and consumption needs which are influenced by factors such as the quality and cost of the product and the availability. For instance, the Nestle Company which produces Nestum 3in1 is an internationally recognized brand which has to incorporate the market orientation, techniques in ensuring that the produce receives international reception among its different markets. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to analyze the different marketing orientation techniques by Nestle in order to segment its target population by positioning their product in the global marketplace. Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning This model is applicable in marketing in the sense that it creates priorities in marketing through segmentation of the population and creation of communication messages which target the specific population through personalized and relevancy in messages and thus the organization makes production decisions based on the market needs and thus this method is practical to organizations today (Hanlon, 2016, p. 7). Segmentation in marketing means identification of the customers and delivering of the products when and where the customers are located which is referred to as geographic segmentation. Segmentation is about creating relationships with the different stakeholders involved in the production and supply chain and thus the organization engages in target promotional activities which addresses the different audiences for its products. Nestum 3in1 has achieved global recognition and use by the segmentation and targeting of the populations in the US and other markets worldwide (Weinstein, 2013, p. 4). Upon proper segmentation of the market thus the organization identifies the attractiveness and potential presented by each market segment and thus the suitable one is the target for the product. For instance, the case of Nestum 3in1 was a product innovation which targeted the American and other western adult population between the ages of 5-85 years. Segmentation involved the partnership with Eu Yan Sang, a trusted household name and Asias leading progressive healthcare company with a strong foundation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The specific needs address the psychographic and behavioral needs of the population, thus the Nestum 3in1 fits the hectic lifestyle while embracing healthy eating habits (Nestle, 2012, p. 1). The STP strategy involves selecting targets for the product which are chosen on the basis of the market size given the population size and composition. The existence of Nestle in many markets makes the brand to be receptive and thus the introduction of a new product by the company will receive positive reception and thus anticipated growth in terms of sales and revenue (Weinstein, 2013, p. 4). Product positioning in the market involves the analysis on the market position of the company and brand in general in the market and an evaluation of the competition in order to identify opportunities through gap identification. Perceptual mapping identifies competitors in the global market producing healthy drinks and cereals such as Weetabix, cornflakes, cocoa puffs among others products and thus given the competition the company is able to set strategies to meet the market needs while remaining competitive. Nestum 3in1 has presented the population with a healthy drink and instant preparation thus positioning itself in the market as the choice of convenience and efficiency for its users whose lifestyle and behavior require such a product (Hanlon, 2016, p. 7). Nestle is able to develop marketing objectives of its product Nestum 3in1 in different markets. Given the reception in the Asia markets the objective of increasing the growth and market share by 5% in the global market by end of half year 2017. The objective which aligns with company goals of profitability is the increase in sales revenue by 17% through diversification of product to target adults and children in different markets (Nestle, 2012, p. 1). Strategies for Objective Attainment The STP method in identifying the target population for the Nestum product is key in the development of strategies applicable by Nestle in sustainability and profitability goals. Engaging in promotional activities such as advertisement which is aided by the digitized marketing place in the globe is an advantage for the success of Nestle. Another strategy is the product innovation and diversification, this entails the utilization of partnerships which will ensure quality and diversity in terms of consumer needs is met (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2012, 17). Bibliography Blythe, Jim, and Alan S. Zimmerman. Business to Business Marketing Management: A Global Perspective. London: Routledge, 2012. "The New NESTL NESTUM 3 in 1 Cereal Drinks." Http://www.nestle.com.my. Last modified October 1, 2012. https://www.nestle.com.my/media/pressreleases/allpressreleases/the_new_nestle_nestum_3in1_cereal_drink. Hanlon, AnnMarie. "The Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Model." Smart Insights. Last modified November 8, 2016. https://www.smartinsights.com/digital-marketing-strategy/customer-segmentation-targeting/segmentation-targeting-and-positioning/. Weinstein, Art. Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business and Technology Firms, Third Edition. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013.

good morning Vietnam Essay Example

good morning Vietnam Essay The movie Good Morning, Vietnam Directed by Barry Levinson and written by Mitch Markowitz Had a solid view, that was portrayed in many ways, on the roles of the North Vietnamese, South Vietnamese, and American Soldiers. It also depicted a clear picture of the Vietnamese Civilians and Viet Cong. The film began with a clear-cut portrayal of American Soldiers within the confounds of an office, and the discrepancies amongst the high ranking and higher ranking Officers. Robin Williams is introduced into the Movie as a humorous man meant to be a radio DJ for the American Soldiers fightingoutside the Office. The high-ranking officials in charge of the News broadcastings limited Adrian Cronauer(played by Robin Williams) to broadcast the most mild of new about the war to the soldiers; the very same soldiers who were fighting the war. In this was, the film maker practically hands over to the audience the fact that high ranking officials wanted to virtually blind-sight listeners into thinking that the war is only being fought in the hillsthat it is, in fact, not real to them, but very distant. By doing this he shows how, by using propaganda, the news controlled out view [American view] and the soldiers views on the war that we were fighting. Misleading the masses to believe what the handful of major leaders felt was necessary for the masses to believe by keeping them mal-informed and blissfully ignorant of the actual situations at hand. Along with the portrayal of misconception within the confounds of the Vietnam War, the filmmaker successfully was able to serve the audience with the sight of individuals within each army confound. He created the antithesis of thefaceless mass propaganda that Dictators such as Hitler used to create a subhuman tag for their targets. Consider the fact that when a student reads about mass casualties in a war, decades before their time, they only see the numbe

buy custom The Organic Industry essay

buy custom The Organic Industry essay The organic industry has grown rapidly over the last decade particularly in the agricultural sector; today, over thirty million hectares are being organically managed in 118 countries (Yusuf Wilber, 2007). Organic products are made using biological and ecological farming techniques which exclude the use of pesticides and fertilizers; in addition, these products are characterized by a strong brand image which means that they command higher prices among retailers. On the other hand, inorganic products are characterized by monocultures, mechanization, and extensive use of chemical compounds in order to produce them. The inorganic product industry developed primarily as a consequence of technological advancement the Second World War; during this period, major breakthroughs such as the Haber Bosch process were used to promote the development of organic produce. The organic industry has many benefits over its inorganic counterpart; research published by the Journal of Applied Nutrition (2001) revealed that organic food products have more nutrients than inorganic foods this is due to the fact that organically grown food contains sixty three percent more calcium, seventy three percent more iron, eighteen percent more magnesium and ninety eight percent more zinc minerals. According to the Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry (2003), organically grown strawberry, corn and marionberries have considerably greater levels of anti cancer oxidants than inorganically grown food products. The research further suggests that inorganic methods such as the use of herbicides and pesticides inhibit the growth of natural protective compounds in food such as anti ageing, anti immune, and anti cancer properties. The European Clinical Nutrition Journal (2008) found that the average level of nutrients in eleven organically produced products was almost twice as high compared to inorganically produced products. Therefore in the long run if the country chooses to enhance and promote the organic industry it will lead to several benefits such as reduced fertilizer, machinery and fuel cost; organic practices will also earn the industry a significant amount of carbon credits which they can trade in the carbon credit market (Kipper, 2001). The endorsement of organic industry in the economy will also encourage organic labeling. This kind of certification will enable consumers to have confidence in organic products; improve record-keeping in order to maintain organic certification and create an opportunity for both producers and consumers to understand organic certification standards. Unlike inorganic products which lack clear accreditation standards, organic certification and accreditation ensure that the organic industry adheres to high quality product standards. This certification system has two major components: 1.A code of conduct, standards, criteria and guidelines for product certification. 2. Monitoring mechanism which assures that inorganic products are produced in accordance with certification principles. Organic industries also prevent long distant transportation of food; the average distance covered in transporting organically produced products is over 1800 miles while that of transporting inorganic products is 2500 miles Therefore inorganic industries consume a lot of energy and fossil fuels which leads to high carbon dioxide emissions. (FAO, 2002), on the other hand, it's relatively cheap to transport organic products since they are often produced near the consumers. The endorsement of organic industry and organic products will lead to three forms of biodiversity i.e. genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity and species diversity. This will dramatically improve the environment. According to Evans and Grice (2005) organic industries reduce green house emissions by over forty percent which slows down global warming effects. Another benefit which will result in supporting organic industries is long term productivity and food security. Accrding to FAO (2003), organic farming has a higher potential of ensuring food security in both developed and developing countries. Rundgren (2006) published an objective analysis of the contribution of organic industries to food security. He summarized that although inorganic industries can be used to solve food insecurity issues, its capital intensive and depends on chemical inputs which tend to reduce biodiversity. On the other hand, organic industries can tremendously increase food production without causing environmental degradation or loss of biodiversity. A study conducted by The Centre for Disease Control (2009) revealed that inorganic industries produce many toxic chemicals which often result to contamination of water supplies. These toxins have tested positive in blood and urine test of most citizens. In addition, the Centre for Disease Control found a cocktail of toxins and synthetic chemicals in most living organisms. Peer reviewed research has proven that most of these chemicals can disrupt nervous and immune systems, as well as disruption of hormone levels. The FAO report (2002) clearly states, "It has been proven that foods produced using organic methods have lesser levels of synthetic chemicals, lower nitrate content and lower veterinary drug residue. Animal feeding practices used in organic livestock production drastically decreases contamination of animal origin products." In light of these facts, promoting the growth of organic industries will prevent these problems as well as curb the escalating rise in cancers such as leukemia, lymphorma, uterine and breast cancers which are linked to synthetic chemical use. Similarly, the advancement of organic industries and products will curb the spread of autoimmune industries caused by inorganic chemical compounds. Surveys conducted in regions which undertake intensive organic practices have found that cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma disease are almost inexistent on the other hand cases of the same disease is fast growing in regions which have many inorganic industries as well as regions undertaking inorganic practices. Another benefit of adopting organic industries is the development of diversified landscapes as well as aesthetic values (Haltom Scalia, 2002). These industries also encourage the creation of semi natural habitats by maintaining biological connectivity which benefits both nature and agricultural conservation while still pursuing economic objectives. Its can therefore be accurately concluded that organic industries lead to greater aesthetic gains when compare to inorganic industries. Adoption of organic practices and industries offer greater social benefits than inorganic ones. For example, all organic products which have been certified meet International Organic Federation standards. These industries also conform to UN charter of human rights thus they ensure that they have safe working environments; abide by International Labor Organization laws; provide essential social security needs to employees and offer equal opportunities as well as adequate wages regardless of gender, creed a nd color. Accredited organic industries ensure the rights of indigenous people are respected and rarely are they involved in lawsuits due to exploitation of inhabitants, in the long run these industries provide a lot of social benefits. According to FAO (2002) the general social benefits which are directly linked to organic production systems are: First, tendency for these industries to align to traditions of inhabitants and less motivation to follow production paradigm i.e. increasing output via artificial inputs. Secondly, they depend on local knowledge of intricate interactions of conditions from place to place; this usually makes it unfavorable to use large production areas. This encourages reduced land and farm sizes thus enhance equitable access to land. The endorsement of organic industry in the economy also promotes social justice and fair trade productss this is particularly done through fair trade certification of organic produce. Organic certification considers reasonable wage in its standards thus ensuring that all certified organic industries are aligned with principles of fair trade. Furthermore, research conducted by the US bureau of Labor Statistics reveals that eighty six percent of firms in the organic industry have favorable gender distribution as well as promote women representation in senior management positions. Organic industries also stimulate the local economy by using local inputs and reduce the purchase of inputs on credit; this is in sharp contrast to inorganic industries which use imported inputs. Many firms in the organic agricultural industry use crop diversification, different harvesting and planning schedules related to crop rotation practices which evenly distribute labor demand throughout the year. They also ensure stability in employment, reduce labor migration problems, spread the costs incurred per employee throughout the year and reduce turnover. Finally, diversity in production created by organic industries and value added products boost income generating opportunities; they also spread the odds of failure over a broad range of products and crops. The US Society for Cultural Development, a private nonprofit organization conducted research and noted that over seventy certified organic firms had were members of democratic cooperatives and adhered to fair trade requirements. The study revealed that over eighty six percent of the firms paid employees salaries which had social premiums in order to improve quality of life. In addition, the organic movement has a consensus in support of the fact that social requirements are necessary even though many critics argue that pursuing these social standards impose trade barriers and restrictions to organic exports. Loir (2002) studied forty indicators of benefits of organic industry and products in US counties. A statistical comparison and analysis showed that twenty six indicators were in favor of organic systems while eight favored organic systems, six were neutral. The studies suggest that regions with organic farms have better farm economies and add more to county economies through net revenue, total sales, maintenance services, repair, payroll and taxes paid. Additionally, counties with many organic farms have better rural development support with greater direct consumer sales, higher worker pay and greater direct-customer sales. Organic industries also provide a mechanism for generating foreign exchange. Unlike inorganic industries which tend to import inputs, organic industries export more of their produce especially when they are internationally certified. In addition, international organic markets such as the European Union, Switzerland and Japan have well developed infrastructure and channels for successful exportation. Unlike inorganic products which usually have one channel of selling distribution, inorganic industries have many players such as foreign offices, foreign retail supermarket chains, organic marketing organizations etc. The premium connected to organic farming greatly benefits the economy as a whole. This premium has been estimated to as much as twenty percent above that of inorganic products. In conclusion, the growth of organic industries and products will continue to outpace that of its inorganic counterpart. Attractive premium prices in the lucrative export market, social and environmental benefits will continue to boost organic firms. Governments and state support are also likely to promote organic systems through legislating certification, export and market advice, development and research. State institutions and private corporations are increasingly admitting that it might be more cost effective to promote and encourage organic systems rather than rectify problems caused by inorganic industries e.g. environmental degradation. Buy custom The Organic Industry essay

Understanding Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Understanding Tourism - Essay Example Consequently, this behaviour of tourists towards certain destinations create the understanding about demand in the tourism industry. Hence, the aspects of tourism that influence tourists’ behaviours towards preference for a particular destination defines the success of a given tourism region. A tourist region can either be tourist generating or tourist destination. However, this paper focuses on tourist generating regions. According to Williams (2004), â€Å"Tourism generation regions can be defined as the permanent residential bases of tourists, the place where the tourist begin and end, and in particular those features of the region which incidentally cause or stimulate the temporary outflow† (p.32). Tourist generating region provides the basic market and the source for prospective tourism demand in the tourism industry. As such, major tourism activities such a marketing takes place in this region including wholesaling, retailing, promotion and advertising. Since such regions exhibit tourist exodus, it is important to understand the commercial and sociological factors that motivate them to go for holidays in other places. Similarly, it is imperative to evaluate the economic, cultural, and social effects of this exodus on in a community where people depart to other areas. The components of a tourist generating region include both geographical setting and behavioural factors that relate to motivation. This essays explores these components, as well as performance of France as a tourist generating region. French people go for both leisure and business destinations. For the leisure destinations, the holidays starts in the months of July or August depending on a person’s preference. The idea of a vacation in France is a taste of luxury life. However, this is not the luxury of overpriced accommodation and Fifth Avenue shopping, but luxury of a life free from work. This

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Assignment - Essay Example In this case, managing an IT company requires one to have management functions such change management, budgeting, controlling, and organizing unique aspects of technology. The main purpose of IT management is to ensure that a firm is utilizing IT resources effectively and efficiently. The management team sets goals and objectives that align with technology. Unlike management in other functions, technology plays a crucial role in IT management. Management of other functions do not specialize in a specific field. The management team utilize all resources of the organization to grow from one level of growth to another. The management team creates a strong organization culture that encourages employees from all departments to achieve the set goals and objectives. The main purpose of other management is to ensure that a firm utilize all resources in all discipline. The management of other functions enables managers and leaders to evaluate the firm’s external and internal situation and further take actions to prevent future failure. 2. What did Barton learn from his trip to the bookstore and late night of studying? In his trip to the bookstore and late night of studying, Barton learnt that one has to have adequate skills in all fields of operation. As highlighted by Austin, Richard, and Shannon (12), Barton knew nothing about IT management. In his late night of studying, he wondered whether all managers were experts in technology. Barton was challenged by the team he was with since they had been doing IT in their entire career. The team had adequate skills and abilities to handle every challenge that emerged in IT. Barton wondered whether the team understood that he lacked skills and expertise in the field of IT. From his trip, Barton learnt that IT management is different from management of other functions. He established the need to have adequate skills in IT and utilize resources in the organization. Barton realized that some people are more talented in som e specialist than other people. It was clear to him that, there some people who are smarter than him, but lack interest in performing the work he does. 3. Why did Barton's meeting with senior IT operations staff not go as he planned? Baton’s meeting with Senior IT operations staff did not go as he planned because he had no idea to create a system or a solution in the field of IT. After the morning discussion and meeting with Ruben, Barton believed that the meeting was crucial area of IT management. Despite having a strong desire to lead the IT department, he encountered serious challenges that he never expected. In the meeting, he would ask Jenny, his assistant to provide him with IT organizational chart. During the meeting, Barton could not remember any of his goals to his plan. Barton pointed that he require five people in the off site. He encountered a big challenge to support his plan. He depended on other members suggestions and agreed on their contribution. Barton could not fit well in the meeting, since he lacked adequate skills in IT. It seemed to him that the members in meeting made the situation difficult. 4. Why the IT organization is structured the way it is?   IT organization is structured the way it is because technology is moving at a high pace. IT specialists should be equipped with new skills and abilities every century. As technology advances at a high rate, there is a strong need of having experts that will solve problems that emerge. An IT organization i

Is The Role Of Political Parties In Decline Politics Essay

Is The Role Of Political Parties In Decline Politics Essay Before one speaks of a consolidated democracy, one must first ensure that the three minimal, but necessary, conditions are satisfied. Firstly, one can argue that there must be a state for democracy to exist. In other words, there must be the existence of a state which is a modern polity; which holds free elections; protects the peoples rights, and ensures the efficiency of the rule of law. Secondly, democratic transition must be complete before consolidation takes place, and it is deemed to a necessary condition to hold free elections which are rid of authoritarian control at this stage. Thirdly, for a regime to be called democratic the rulers must govern democratically, that is, governments must not infringe the constitution, or violate individual rights, and must rule within the bounds of a state of law. Hence, when one refers to a consolidated democracy one is not referring merely to liberal nondemocratic regimes, or hybrid democracies. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan  [1]  assert that a consolidated democracy is a political regime in which democracy, as a complex system of institutions, rules, and patterned incentives and disincentives has become the only game in town. Moreover, democracy becomes the only game in town when no significant political group attempts to overthrow the democratic regime or to promote domestic or international violence in order to secede from the state.  [2]   Political Parties and Their Roles in Society Political parties have been deemed necessary since the early societal grouping of man. Men would find a pattern of the state that would subsume societal conflict and which would allow the rule of law to function and apply it to their state. Thus, one can argue that political systems deal with conflicts and the political institutions they create. Giovanni Sartori  [3]  defines a political party as any political group identified by an official label that presents at elections, and is capable of placing through elections candidates for public offices. It has been argued that political parties are necessary and cannot be replaced by civil society or by any other organized structure created to give representation to citizens because political parties have formed the cornerstone of democratic society and serve a function like no other institution. Hence, in a modern society, democracy cannot seem to function properly without political parties. The active support and collaboration of strong, inclusive political parties in partnership with an effective civil society is fast gaining acceptance as the correctly balanced formula to achieve a somewhat more transparent and participatory system of government. In strengthening democratic institutions in consolidated democracies, it is not a matter of having to choose between building a strong civil society or strengthening political parties and political institutions such as parliaments. The real challenge lies in balancing support for democratic institutions and organizations that are more a ccountable and inclusive, while at the same time continuing to foster and nurture the development of a broadly based and active civil society. In recent years, it emerged that the positions of political parties in the politics of consolidated democracies have decreased drastically. Many argue that the reason behind this decline is primarily the change in the roles of the parties, and in fact Hague and Harrop  [4]  argue that the question for the twenty-first century is whether political parties are undergoing a crisis or whether is merely a change in their role. It is important to emphasise that the parties have not declined in the sense that they have ceased to be important in government, but they have changed, and today perform rather different functions or perform traditional functions in a different manner. Declining role of political parties? Hague and Harrop  [5]  question whether parties are facing a crisis or whether they are declining into weak, decentralized organizations. Amongst other reasons, they argue that major parties no longer offer radically different visions of the good society, and electors party loyalties are weakening as traditional social divisions decay. Furthermore, they state that party members are older than the average person and are becoming less active; and party membership is falling at a fast pace and will continue to do so as older members leave the electorate; young people are more likely to join single-issue groups than parties, and parties have become charity cases, relying for funding on state handouts. Moreover, the trust in parties is lower than for other political institutions, and is declining. On the other hand, Crotty argues that the demands of society have changed, and thus parties change to meet them. Too often, models of what parties ought to be like are drawn from the narrow experience of Western Europe in the twentieth century. Today, it is rather unrealistic to expect the rebirth of traditional mass membership parties with thousands of working-class members and their supporting pillars of trade unions. In an era where mass media and electronic communication play an important role such an organisational format is gone for good. Instead, we have a rather new format of parties found in the consolidated democracies which are somewhat lean and flexible, with communication from leaders trough the broadcast media and the internet. Rather than relying on outdated notions of a permanent army of members, new-format parties mobilize volunteers for specific, short-term tasks, such as election campaigns. The form of parties will continue to evolve but their purpose of giving direction to government continues unchanged. According to Hague and Harrop  [6]  , political parties are said to perform four main functions: Directions are given to government by ruling parties and thus some political parties have the vital task of steering the ship of state; Political parties function as agents of political recruitment, and serve as the major mechanism for preparing and recruiting candidates for the legislature and executive; Political parties serve as devices of interest aggregation, filtering a multitude of specific demands into more manageable packages of proposals. Thus, parties select, reduce and combine policies; and Political parties also serve as a brand for their supporters and voters, giving people a lens through which to interpret and participate in a complicated political world. The decline in the role of political parties has been identified mainly in terms of a constant erosion of the above listed functions. In what is already a highly fragmented political system, the decline of these functions has very often led to inefficient government and the wearing away of the legitimacy of institutions. The parties have the task of bridging the link between parliament and the government, sine the party which gets an overall majority in parliament then forms the government. The parties also provide for the scrutiny and control of the government since the party which does not win the election and becomes the Opposition then has the job of constantly attacking and criticizing the government and exposing its failings to the public as well as putting forward alternative ideas of its own. However, in recent years amid the entire furore over the decline of traditional parties, not a single third party has emerged with even the slightest appearance of electoral strength. Third-party candidates have sometimes done very well, but they very often represent more of a protest vote than some distinct social movement. Weaker party identification is producing a more inconsistent electorate prone to sudden shifts in loyalty, to vote splitting and to voting for individual candidates or issues rather than according to traditional party ties. Generally, over the past few years these activists have become more candidate- and issue-oriented, one of their main motivations being to promote a particular candidate or to support just one special issue. Critics argue that these trends have weakened party organization and coherence even further. Parties are the main means through which democratic leaders are recruited and fed into the political system since parties provide us with the personnel who govern that state. There has been a dramatic decline in the membership of the major parties people (especially young people) appear to be less willing to get actively involved in party organisations. Parties are said to provide the most important way in which people become involved in politics. This can be done on a number of levels. However, established political parties have experienced a declining membership that is ageing. Young people are hesitating to join or become associated with political parties. At the same time, support has risen for independent candidates, and interest parties. There has been a dramatic decline in party membership between the 1960s and the 1990s. In Scandinavia, Sundberg  [7]  argues, since the 1970s and the 1980s, membership decline has set in at an unprecedented rate. Denmark is a particularly extreme case, with membership falling from one in every five people in the 1960s to one in twenty by the 1990s. By voting for a party, people are able to express their political opinion and help choose the government. It is parties which give people the choice at elections between alternative views and policies. The parties also provide the voters with a choice in elections by presenting programmes and taking stands on issues parties allow the voters to choose between rival policy packages. Parties produce policies or ideas which they hope will win them power so these ideas have to appeal to a large enough section of the electorate. The parties have to produce policies on a whole range of issues covering all aspects of politics if they are to be taken seriously as a potential government. This gives the voters a genuine choice of alternative packages to choose from. Policy formulation is another role of the parties since they come up with the policy proposals which the voters can choose from and then put those policies into motion if they win the election. Hence, parties initiate the policies / ideas which then govern the nation in a wide variety of areas e.g. foreign policy, environment, health, education etc. In recent years, the parties have become less attached to a fixed set of ideas and are more willing to shape their beliefs and policies to respond to public opinion rather than leading people to follow them, and it can also be argued that parties now also deliberately keep their ideas and policies very vague and refuse to go into detail because this might antagonize voters and also open them to attack about the details. Nowadays, the number of programmatic parties has decreased, and they are in turn becoming catch-all parties. Programmatic parties tend to have definite and fixed set of ideas and beliefs which they firmly believe in and wh ich they can apply in all circumstances. However, parties have now become pragmatic that is they are willing to change ideas to suit changing circumstances. While the former were more interested in transforming society to bring it in line with their ideas over a long period of time, the latters policies are designed to win the next elections and to deal only with current and short term issues. The programmatic parties aim to bring the people around to their way of thinking and to agree with their principles, while the latter seek to find out what the people want and then fit their ideas and policies to match so that they can gain popularity and elect candidates. Catch-all parties tend to change their policies on a regular basis to match changing circumstances and public opinion, while the programmatic parties tend to stick to long held policies and not change them. Representation is also of the main functions of political parties in a democracy. They are to serve the interests of their people as party representatives, and they are also supposed to represent the nation as a whole. Through representation, parties help to link the government to the people because they attempt to match their policies to public opinion as much as possible and then if they win the election they can carry out those policies hence, translating what the public wants into action. However, recently it has been argued that the parties are not representing those who elect them properly because many MPs are elected by a minority of their constituents, for instance, in Britain, the first past the post system means that MPs do not have to be chosen by a majority of the voters in their area. E.g. some Scottish seats the MP were elected with only 1/3 of the vote. Furthermore, the government itself can be elected to rule with minority of the vote. Conclusion Therefore, one can say that the roles of political parties have declined, and this is evident if we compare

McCrae and Costa’s Concept of Introversion Essay

1.According to McCrae and Costa, Neuroticism are factors or traits characterized by anxiousness, depression, tension, irrational behavior, moodiness, low self-esteem, guilt feelings, worriedness, insecurity nervousness and are high strung. Sabrina would score high in neuroticism because she possesses some of the traits or factors. In the case study, Sabrina is insecure and has a low self-esteem because she is not satisfied with her body and she wishes to have surgery to correct her supposed â€Å"defects† such as her nose too big, her small breast, she looks fat even though she is not, she also wants to look less African-American . 2.Openness to experience according to McCrae and Costa is characterized by factors such as originality, independence, creativity and a daring attitude. Sabrina would also score high on this because she is very original and creative, an example is that when Sabrina dresses up for her job as a waitress, she tries out different roles; wearing loud, flamboyant and gregarious outfits in order to perfect her acting skills. She is also very daring and independent; Sabrina likes to try new things, such as dressing in the bohemian way and incorporating African-American styles as well, she also tries different foods which include Ethiopian food, and she also loves to travel. 3.McCrae and Costa’s concept of introversion and extraversion is very similar to that of Carl Jung. They both see extraverts as outgoing, open, sociable, and lively and oriented to the external world, introverts are seen as shy people. Carl believes that everyone possesses both attitudes and can exhibit both but only one is dominant, and while Eysenck believes that these attitudes or traits tends to remain stable throughout one’s life despite the different social and environmental experiences people have.

Baroque Music

Opera was the new musical form of the Baroque period and it was very expressive of the baroque cultural values. By then end of the operatic form was stylized into a recipe, including improbable plots, small motivations for the characters, and magical transformations, which were signs of opera's baroque nature. Oppress united drama, dance, elaborate stage mechanisms, and scenery with music. Johann Sebastian Bach was one artist whose greatest legacy was religious music.His works re distinguished by their inventiveness and complete mastery of major and minor tonality. George Frederic Handel was renowned for his Italian-style operas. He had a brilliant way in which music allows the singers to show their virtuosity. Yes, Opera was the new musical form of the Baroque period; it originated from Italy in the late sixteenth century by a group of Florentine musicians and poets who had ties with the aristocrats. However, let us not forget that if it was not for the four trends that gave he musi c of this time period its distinctive qualities.One in which was the creation of the major and minor tonality which was prefigured by Joaquin des Perez. That was the rise of modern music. The second was the mixing of the genres, which was well known in the literature and the arts made its way into baroque music. In addition, the third thing was the expressiveness in the music in the late 1 sass; it became more magnified and was used in emotions in the text of the music that may not have been eared. And lastly was the age of virtuosos, master musicians, especially singers, who would perform with great technical skill and vivid personal style, and of a growing variety of musical instruments. † That brings us back to Opera; this musical form brings all the mentioned trends together, became the ultimate symbol of the age. Claudio Monteverdi was the first great composer of opera; he composed Refer (1607) about a legendary ancient Greek poet-musician named Orpheus. It incorporated r am, dance elaborate stage mechanisms and painted scenery with music (410).Monteverdi was known for expanding the dramatic appeal by taking each of the five acts and ending them with a powerful chorus. He took the use of aural symbols and music phrases to intensify events. Jean-Baptists Lully was the founder of French opera but he was actually Italian. He would later become a French citizen and serve as Louse's court composer. French opera under Lully's direction would become more dignified and full of choruses and would add ballet and French text. Baroque Music The name Baroque, which is a French word from the Portuguese’s barroco, originally used in architectural design in Europe specifically in Italy having a deformed style as an irregularly shaped pearl. In music, it is known for its inconsistencies that the twentieth century historians later used the term baroque as an identification of the Early Classical Period in music.Instrumental music using piano or clavier (a German word for keyboard), violin, harpsichord and other string instruments ruled the Baroque Era of Western European Art Music between the years 1600 to 1750. Characteristics and Forms Although Temperley argues that â€Å"Baroque music was written largely for monarchs, aristocrats, and authoritarian church leaders† (par 9), the soulful melody and dramatically arrangement of any musical piece created during this era captured the hearts of the religious and nonreligious groups.Furthermore, as Kisser said â€Å"the middle class formed too in this era† (par 1). Generally, baroque music has the counterpoint and contrast as the main ingredients. Its characteristic is designed to be emotional in nature having a more rigid formal design with modern tones and experimental rhythm using the combination of a firm and repeatedly strong bass line with florid treble as composers aimed to communicate with contemporary music in accordance to their affectionate behavior. Musical forms are not stiff to instrumental music alone.Along with suite, fugue, partita, canzona, sinfonia, fantasia, ricercar, toccata, chaccone, sonata, concerto and concerto grasso, which the orchestra is composed mainly of different musical instruments to create a smooth polyphony sound, the use of vocal music with the form of cantata, monody, anthem, passion, masque, chorale prelude, oratorio and opera started to emerge and soon became in-demand. The incorporation of ballet dancing and theatrical arts is also introduced, and the public appreciated it as such. The Era of Baroq ue Music 1600-1630 (Early Baroque)The death of Renaissance period segued into the Early Baroque Music in the year 1600. It started when the Florentine Camerata decided to reinvent the conventional polyphonic sound from complex arrangements to basic accompaniment and simple melodies. As a result, counterpoint musical compositions began rising. The initiative to use chords instead of notes created tonality, and harmony is then expressed. As Baroque genre is starting to emerge, Protestantism also appears elsewhere in Italy. Experimentation in arts and music becomes powerful in reviving Catholicism.Instrumentation and lively orchestral music was one of its products. However, when public grew tired listening over purely musical instruments, another innovation come out. The use of music and text is demonstrated in Orfeo, the first ever opera composed by Claudio Monteverdi with the use of singer actors and music combined. 1630-1680 (Middle or Classic Baroque) Due to the patronage in Baroqu e genre, availability of orchestral instruments increased. Playwright artists gave vast contributions and became popular as well as opera and other theatrical drama, dances such as ballet, and vocal music genre.Most of their themes were excerpted from the rhetorical approach of Greek and Roman in arts and music. Formal teaching of art lessons specifically music started in Middle Baroque to give focus more on music and harmony. Counterpoint compositions turned out to be more systematic and well-arranged. However, the attractiveness of theatrical genre did not give concerto and concerto grasso a hindrance to be accepted. Instead, music in this era is more appreciated by the public. Some of the endless masterpieces created during the Classic Baroque survived until today like George Friedrich Handel’s Hallelujah and Johann Pachelbel’s Canon in D.1680-1750 (Late Baroque) The declination of Baroque period began in the year 1680 and ended in the year 1750. Germany in this tim e adopted Italy’s artful tradition that they developed later on putting German touch. Music here was high-priced due to the demand of royal courts and members of the aristocracy. European art-music started to be respected by other neighboring continents like the United States of America. Knowledge and scientific discoveries as well as art and music were given utmost attention where composers and musicians are treated patrons even by the secular and religious members.Before the Baroque period moved to classical era, another significant innovation in music has been made available, and two composition styles were observed. These are called â€Å"the homophonic dominated by vertical considerations and the polyphonic dominated by imitation and contrapuntal considerations†. (Wikipedia par 69) Composers and Musicians of Baroque Era Further studies of Thornburgh and Logan said, â€Å"Baroque musicians were not concerned with expressing their own feelings and emotions, rather they sought to describe with objectivity, feelings and emotions which were distinct from what they actually felt†.(par 21) Here are some of the most admired, influential and well-appreciated composers, playwright artists, and musicians during this era. Italy: Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Domenico and Scarlatti France: Corneille, Racine, Moliere, Couperin, Lully, Charpenter, and Rameau Germany: Praetorius, Scheidt, Schutz, Telemann, Pachelbel, Handel and Bach England: Purcell, Donne and Milton R E F E R E N C E S Baroque Music. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia. 11 Nov. 2007 < http://en. wikipedia. or g/wiki/Baroque_music>Bukofzer, Manfred. Music of the Bartoque Era. New York: Norton Company Inc. , 1947 Kisser, Brandon. A Brief History of Music: The Baroque Era Part I. Sept. 2007. Newsvine. Com. 12 Nov. 2007 Temperley, Nicholas. Baroque Artists of Champaign-Urbana: Baroque Music. 11 Nov. 2007 < http://www. baroqueartists. org/guide. asp> Thornburgh, Elaine and Log an, Jack, Ph. D. Baroque Music Part One. 12 Nov. 2007 Baroque Music According to Craig Wright, â€Å"â€Å"baroque† is the term used to describe the art, architecture, dance and music of the period 1600 to 1750 (Wright, 97). † The sound has been described as â€Å"rough, bold [and] instrumental† (Ibid). Originally, the term â€Å"baroque† was pejorative (Ibid). One of the main traits of baroque art and architecture, that extends itself to the music of the period, is massiveness. Everything in baroque society was larger than life. Grandiose was also a term that was used to define the music of the period.With this grandiosity was also an attention to detail that showed itself in â€Å"vigorous, pulsating rhythms with strong, regular beats and many smaller subdivisions (Ibid). † During the baroque period, there was much development and innovation in the field of music. During this time, three musical forms developed and reached their zenith, the Baroque Opera, Concerto Grosso, and the Cantata. These three forms were be st represented by Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, and Johann Sebastian Bach. The first form that came to innovation was the Baroque Opera. This was best exemplified by the operas of Claudio Monteverdi.One of his operas was The Coronation of Poppea. In it, you hear the swelling melodies and subtle undertones that define baroque music. Though it is one of Monteverdi’s last compositions, many critics view it as one of his best, sowing the seeds for all future Italian opera. Tim Smith of the Baltimore Sun notes that â€Å"[t]his is a pinnacle of early baroque style (Smith, 2009). † Craig Wright states that Monteverdi and other composers of early opera used a particular style to convey heightened passions. It was a â€Å"new, more expressive and flexible style of solo singing for the stage called stile rappresentativo (Wright, 107).† This form allowed the singer to move from one mood to another without alerting the viewer to the subtle changes in mood. This was a key component of baroque music, as one of the key aims of baroque is to create emotion in the listener and to give a sense of grandness to the vocal production. Eventually, â€Å"stile rappresentativo would soon be transformed into two different and contrasting types of vocal writing, recitative and aria (Ibid). † The second form of baroque music that emerged during this time period was concerto grosso.According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, concerto grosso was â€Å"characterized by a contrast between a small group of soloists and the full orchestra (Britannica, 2009). It flourished eventually as secular music for the royal court (Ibid). Britannica says that the typical â€Å"instrumentation†¦was that of the trio sonata (Ibid). † It consisted of two violins, a bass string instrument and a harmonizing instrument like a harpsichord. â€Å"Wind instruments were also common (Ibid). † The number of movements for the concerto varied depending on the compose r. Some had three movements, others had four.The fast movements â€Å"often used a ritornello structure, in which a recurrent section, or ritornello, alternates with episodes, or contrasting sections played by soloists (Ibid). † The composer best known for this form was Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi’s greatest concertos are the series known as the Four Seasons. More than 150 recordings have been made of the Four Seasons alone. In his works, you can hear the melodies and subtleties that make up baroque music. The final form of music that was developed during this time was the cantata. The cantata was a form first used by the Italians, and was later adopted by Johann Sebastian Bach.Though Bach never called them cantatas, they were considered such due to their structure. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Bach rejected calling his works cantatas because that connoted secular music, and if there was something that Bach was not, it was secular. When one listens to Bachâ⠂¬â„¢s music, one can hear the massiveness of the sound that is obviously designed for a church and for a multi-voiced orchestra. Under Bach, â€Å"the music of the Baroque reaches its greatest glory (Wright, 127). † He was a great virtuoso on the organ, studying his craft by listening to others and even traveling hundreds of miles just to hear a performance.He was a composer of church music, and later became a court conductor. One of Bach’s greatest known cantatas is a seven-movement work known as Awake, a Voice is Calling. It is a more formalized structure, with movements one, four, and seven being choruses, movements two and five being recitatives and movements three and six aria duets. This piece is a chorale piece, which is a spiritual melody or religious folk song (Ibid). The Baroque period, while a young period in musical history is full of new and innovative developments.The opera, the concerto grasso, and the cantata are all innovative developments in music th at show us how our rich musical history developed and changed over the hundreds of years that we have been maintaining our musical heritage. We need to embrace and encourage our musical growth and musical challenges so we may continue to grow as a culture and as a society. Works Cited â€Å"Cantata. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 18 Apr 2009. . â€Å"Concerto Grosso. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 18 Apr 2009.. Smith, Tim. â€Å"Opera Vivente tackles timeless ‘Coronation of Poppea'. † Baltimore Sun 09 Mar 2009 Web. 18 Apr 2009. . Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Second Edition. St. Paul: West Publishing, 1996. Print. Josquin Desprez was a giant of Renaissance music. According to Craig Wright, he was the greatest composer of the Renaissance or any age. He was born on the border between modern France and Belgium and died in the same region.He was attracted to Italy for the same reason many oth er composers were attracted to the region—professional and monetary gain (Wright, 86). He worked consistently as a singer at the cathedral of Milan, the chapel of a cardinal in Rome, the Sistine Chapel of the pope, and in the chapel of the Duke of Ferrara. According to Wright, he â€Å"possessed a temperamental, egotistical spirit typical of many artists of the Renaissance: He composed only when he, not his patron wished; he demanded a salary twice that of composers only slightly less gifted; and he would break into a rage when singers tried to tamper with the notes he had written (86).† One patron threatened to throw him in prison if he did not stop composing for outside clients, yet he was recognized for his genius. He was praised by contemporary humanists of the time, and he was a favorite of Martin Luther, who said in essence, that Josquin mastered the notes; the notes did not master him (Ibid). â€Å"Josquin wrote more than twenty settings of the Ordinary of the Mass and a large number of French chansons (Ibid). † According to Wright, he especially excelled in a form called the motet.A motet is a composition written for a choir, setting a Latin text on a sacred subject. It was intended to be sung in a church or chapel or at home in a private devotion. Most were sung a capella, which literally means â€Å"in the chapel (Ibid). † This means that they were performed by voice alone, without any instrumentals. Instruments other than the organ were not allowed in churches during the Renaissance (Ibid). This clean, a capella sound accounted for the â€Å"often serene quality of the sound of Renaissance sacred music (Ibid).† Wright states that the Renaissance is often called â€Å"the golden age of a capella singing (Ibid). † It is in this setting that Josquin wrote Mille Regretz, a beautiful a capella piece that brings male and female voices together in harmony. The male and female voices play off each other, pulling the listener into the music and the gentle harmonies that are displayed. Josquin’s talent is evident, as the music has clean lines and tones, and the notes are precise and well-toned to blend together flawlessly.The first voices you hear are the male and female voices in harmony, and then it seems as if the female voice takes over, but there is a subtle bass to the tones, then the men dominate the piece while the women play a supporting role. Next the men and women are in harmony together, blending and rising their voices in a slightly mournful tune reminiscent of the Ave Maria. This piece speaks very well to the time period in which it was written.Mille Regretz means â€Å"A Thousand Regrets† in Italian, and it would seem as though this religious piece plays to the penance one would have to pay for their sins. There is a great emphasis placed on the polyphonic nature of the tones, and the multitonalism that results from the blending of the voices; all characteristic of R enaissance religious music. This piece probably represents Josquin at his height, as a power player in the courts and chapels of Italy. Listening to this piece, there is no reason to doubt his standing as one of the premier composers of his day, and this piece attests to it.This has the a capella quality that was desirous in Renaissance music, and there are few voices involved, which means that it was most likely meant for a small chapel and not for a grand cathedral. Josquin accomplished his goal of creating peaceful, religious music that soothes the soul and easily defined the time period in which it was popular. Then there is the quality of imitation involved. Josquin used this technique often. Imitation is a process â€Å"whereby one or more voices duplicate in turn the notes of a melody (Ibid).† You can clearly hear the imitation by the male and female voices as they move through the piece. In Josquin’s imitative writing, all the voices have a chance to equally pr esent the melodic material and all are of equal importance (Ibid). You can also clearly hear the â€Å"point-counterpoint† pattern in the singing that is common when the voices are working together to compliment each other. The sound produced would, on paper, appear to be discordant, but is far from such, as the â€Å"point-counterpoint† creates a harmony that belies what is placed on the paper.The voices work smoothly together to create a cohesive whole, so the piece comes together as a masterwork. Josquin’s work was a sublime effort despite his temperamental soul. Though he may have been tormented by having to achieve perfection, his works show he did just that. We can look at his music and clearly see the liturgical future that music took. He was a pioneer in sacred music, and his contributions must continue to be appreciated for how it speaks to us and our musical future. Works Cited Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Second Edition. St. Paul: West Publishin g, 1996. Print.

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